{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:56:21Z","timestamp":1790254581256,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,18]],"date-time":"2013-12-18T13:42:44Z","timestamp":1387374164000},"page":"699-704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Intrathecal Baclofen Associated With Improvement of Consciousness Disorders in Spasticity Patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Margetis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos I.","family":"Korfias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Gatzonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Boutos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Stranjalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efstathios","family":"Boviatsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damianos E.","family":"Sakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2165\/11535940-000000000-00000","article-title":"Awakenings and awareness recovery in disorders of consciousness: is there a role for drugs","volume":"24","author":"Pistoia","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000314354","article-title":"Vegetative state and minimally conscious state: a review of the therapeutic interventions","volume":"88","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181a0e3a0","article-title":"Incidence of clinically significant responses to zolpidem among patients with disorders of consciousness: a preliminary placebo controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Whyte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(10)58001-3","article-title":"Historical perspective and emergence of the GABAB receptor","volume":"58","author":"Bowery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib5","first-page":"227","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of post-stroke central pain, dystonia, and persistent vegetative state","volume":"97","author":"Taira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050601151761","article-title":"An unexpected recovery from permanent vegetative state","volume":"21","author":"Sara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib7","first-page":"13","article-title":"[Sudden improvement of all neurological functions after general anesthesia and two-day intrathecal infusion of baclofen in a child with primary brain-stem injury]","volume":"64","author":"Kawecki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Przegl Lekarsk"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib8","first-page":"37","article-title":"Clinical application of drug pump for spasticity, pain, and restorative neurosurgery: other clinical applications of intrathecal baclofen","volume":"87","author":"Taira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib9","series-title":"Plum and Posner\u2019s diagnosis of stupor and coma","author":"Posner","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.02.033","article-title":"The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility","volume":"85","author":"Giacino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.2.206","article-title":"Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity","volume":"67","author":"Bohannon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-198212000-00014","article-title":"Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group","volume":"5","author":"Oken","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.661913","article-title":"A 10-year follow-up study of patients with severe traumatic brain injury and dysautonomia treated with intrathecal baclofen therapy","volume":"26","author":"Hoarau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050110065277","article-title":"Dysautonomia syndrome in the acute recovery phase after traumatic brain injury: relief with intrathecal baclofen therapy","volume":"15","author":"Cuny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.012","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen in patients with persistent vegetative state: 2 hypotheses","volume":"90","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406023302206","article-title":"Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (2). The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS","volume":"330","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182a59232","article-title":"Effects of intrathecal baclofen therapy on CSF neurotransmitter metabolite levels","volume":"34","author":"Margetis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17721-X","article-title":"Intrathecal administration of GABA agonists in the vegetative state","volume":"177","author":"Taira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2092","article-title":"The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness","volume":"8","author":"Sakurai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00058-1","article-title":"Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy","volume":"27","author":"Thannickal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/79690","article-title":"A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains","volume":"6","author":"Peyron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.108266","article-title":"GABA(B) receptor-mediated modulation of hypocretin\/orexin neurones in mouse hypothalamus","volume":"574","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811126106","article-title":"Selective loss of GABA(B) receptors in orexin-producing neurons results in disrupted sleep\/wakefulness architecture","volume":"106","author":"Matsuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21836","article-title":"Loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons with traumatic brain injury","volume":"66","author":"Baumann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00519.x","article-title":"GABAB-receptor-mediated control of GABAergic inhibition in rat histaminergic neurons in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Stevens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.14.4586","article-title":"Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis","volume":"81","author":"Crick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10135","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-22-10135.1999","article-title":"Attentional orienting is impaired by unilateral lesions of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat","volume":"19","author":"Weese","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00417-4","article-title":"c-Fos induction in sensory pathways of rats exploring a novel complex environment: shifts of active thalamic reticular sectors by predominant sensory cues","volume":"76","author":"Montero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02182-X","article-title":"Attentional activation of the visual thalamic reticular nucleus depends on \u201ctop-down\u201d inputs from the primary visual cortex via corticogeniculate pathways","volume":"864","author":"Montero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00632-0","article-title":"Amblyopia decreases activation of the corticogeniculate pathway and visual thalamic reticularis in attentive rats: a \u201cfocal attention\u201d hypothesis","volume":"91","author":"Montero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8897","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08897.2000","article-title":"Thalamic reticular nucleus activation reflects attentional gating during classical conditioning","volume":"20","author":"McAlonan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5602-05.2006","article-title":"Attentional modulation of thalamic reticular neurons","volume":"26","author":"McAlonan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-7-10","article-title":"A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness","volume":"7","author":"Min","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theor Biol Med Model"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq142","article-title":"The thalamic reticular nucleus and schizophrenia","volume":"37","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00130-6","article-title":"Distribution of GABA(B) binding sites in the thalamus and basal ganglia of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"38","author":"Bowery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90098-4","article-title":"GABAA and GABAB receptor site distribution in the rat central nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Bowery","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2A","key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib37","first-page":"215","article-title":"GABAB receptors as targets for drug action","volume":"42","author":"Bowery","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00282-1","article-title":"Distribution and properties of GABA(B) antagonist [3H]CGP 62349 binding in the rhesus monkey thalamus and basal ganglia and the influence of lesions in the reticular thalamic nucleus","volume":"93","author":"Ambardekar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021427","article-title":"GABAB receptor-mediated responses in GABAergic projection neurones of rat nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro","volume":"493","author":"Ulrich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(91)90178-W","article-title":"A role for GABAB receptors in excitation and inhibition of thalamocortical cells","volume":"14","author":"Crunelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00756.2007","article-title":"Functional mapping of GABA(B)-receptor subtypes in the thalamus","volume":"98","author":"Ulrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.23.13245","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor-dependent burst-firing in thalamic neurons: a dynamic clamp study","volume":"93","author":"Ulrich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1993.10.151","article-title":"Selective loss of neurons from the thalamic reticular nucleus following severe human head injury","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5083-09.2010","article-title":"Focal cortical infarcts alter intrinsic excitability and synaptic excitation in the reticular thalamic nucleus","volume":"30","author":"Paz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/614329","article-title":"Functional consequences of the disturbances in the GABA-mediated inhibition induced by injuries in the cerebral cortex","volume":"2011","author":"Imbrosci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.16","article-title":"Axonal remodeling for motor recovery after traumatic brain injury requires downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09511","article-title":"Reducing excessive GABA-mediated tonic inhibition promotes functional recovery after stroke","volume":"468","author":"Clarkson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.07.218","article-title":"Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research","volume":"91","author":"Seel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.809554","article-title":"Vegetative states and minimally conscious state revisited: a Russian doll approach","volume":"27","author":"Pistoia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12147_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.50.386","article-title":"Consciousness recovery induced by intrathecal baclofen administration after subarachnoid hemorrhage -two case reports","volume":"50","author":"Oyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fner.12147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715914601483?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715914601483?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1111\/ner.12147\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:52:01Z","timestamp":1761083521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715914601483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715914601483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intrathecal Baclofen Associated With Improvement of Consciousness Disorders in Spasticity Patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12147","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}