{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:10:30Z","timestamp":1788923430152,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T15:23:52Z","timestamp":1494516232000},"page":"558-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Spinal Cord Stimulator Implant Infection Rates and Risk Factors: A Multicenter Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Hoelzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Bendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Deer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason S.","family":"Eldrige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Walega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrif","family":"Costandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerges","family":"Azer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchun","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Falowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Moeschler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Wassef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Niazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taher","family":"Saifullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Oryhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Rosenow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imanuel","family":"Lerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim M.","family":"Hayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Simopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjiv","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Gilligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Ade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagy A.","family":"Mekhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah Y.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196707000-00025","article-title":"Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report","volume":"46","author":"Shealy","year":"1967","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib2","first-page":"254","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain: a 20-year literature review","volume":"100","author":"Cameron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12204","article-title":"The appropriate use of neurostimulation: new and evolving neurostimulation therapies and applicable treatment for chronic pain and selected disease states","volume":"17","author":"Deer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000192162.99567.96","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22-year experience","volume":"58","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.6.6","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation: indications and outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000075104","article-title":"Long-term outcome of spinal cord stimulation and hardware complications","volume":"81","author":"Quigley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000149199.68381.fe","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for chronic back and leg pain and failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review and analysis of prognostic factors","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.02.004","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of the clinical and cost-effectiveness literature and assessment of prognostic factors","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.12.016","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications","volume":"108","author":"Turner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb07910.x","article-title":"Dorsal column stimulation in pain treatment","volume":"75","author":"Wester","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8537(03)00090-7","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for angina pectoris and peripheral vascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Erdek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin North America"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00165.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation is an effective treatment for the chronic intractable visceral pelvic pain","volume":"7","author":"Kapural","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1094-7159.2005.05216.x","article-title":"Application of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of abdominal visceral pain syndromes: case reports","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12208","article-title":"The appropriate use of neurostimulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system for the treatment of chronic pain and ischemic diseases: the Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee","volume":"17","author":"Deer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12206","article-title":"The appropriate use of neurostimulation: avoidance and treatment of complications of neurostimulation therapies for the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"Deer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00407.x","article-title":"Retrospective review of 707 cases of spinal cord stimulation: indications and complications","volume":"11","author":"Mekhail","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib17","first-page":"325","article-title":"Complications in spinal cord stimulation for treatment of angina pectoris. Differences in unipolar and multipolar percutaneous inserted electrodes","volume":"52","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.06.012","article-title":"Is spinal cord stimulation safe? A review of its complications","volume":"82","author":"Bendersky","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/251","article-title":"Infectious complications related to intrathecal drug delivery system and spinal cord stimulator system implantations at a comprehensive cancer pain center","volume":"16","author":"Engle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200406000-00034","article-title":"Prevention and management of intrathecal drug delivery and spinal cord stimulation system infections","volume":"100","author":"Follett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12184","article-title":"Incidence of clinically significant percutaneous spinal cord stimulator lead migration","volume":"18","author":"Gazelka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2011.00896.x","article-title":"An update review on risk factors and scales for prediction of deep sternal wound infections","volume":"9","author":"Buja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1426-0","article-title":"Infections in spinal instrumentation","volume":"36","author":"Gerometta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083743","article-title":"A systematic review of risk factors associated with surgical site infections among surgical patients","volume":"8","author":"Korol","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-11-21","article-title":"Predictors of surgical site infections among patients undergoing major surgery at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Mawalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2014.08.008","article-title":"Surgical site infections","volume":"94","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318246c294","article-title":"High body mass index and smoking predict morbidity in breast cancer surgery: a multivariate analysis of 26,988 patients from the national surgical quality improvement program database","volume":"255","author":"de Blacam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1086\/501830","article-title":"The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients","volume":"22","author":"Latham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2014.04.003","article-title":"Predictors of surgical site infection in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecologic disease: a multicenter analysis using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data","volume":"21","author":"Mahdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib30","first-page":"398","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for surgical site infection","volume":"93","author":"Moucha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.01515","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection following orthopaedic spinal operations","volume":"90","author":"Olsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000325731.46702.D9","article-title":"The effects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: a 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2004.04002.x","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulator adjustment to maximize implanted battery longevity: a randomized, controlled trial using a computerized, patient-interactive programmer","volume":"7","author":"North","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12356","article-title":"An international survey to understand infection control practices for spinal cord stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Provenzano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1086\/646436","article-title":"CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections","volume":"13","author":"Horan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1086\/673443","article-title":"Assessing the relative burden of hospital-acquired infections in a network of community hospitals","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.12609_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/501620","article-title":"Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee","volume":"20","author":"Mangram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fner.12609","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109471592103333X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109471592103333X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1111\/ner.12609\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:54:42Z","timestamp":1761083682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S109471592103333X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S109471592103333X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12609","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spinal Cord Stimulator Implant Infection Rates and Risk Factors: A Multicenter Retrospective Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12609","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2017 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}