{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:10:06Z","timestamp":1791238206121,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R49 PA\u2010CE001167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R49 PA\u2010CE001167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T09:48:14Z","timestamp":1591177694000},"page":"61-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Risk Factors and Survival Analysis of Spinal Cord Stimulator Explantation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3247-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark C.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0864-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Royce W.","family":"Woodroffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Howard III","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Carnahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib1","unstructured":"Spinal Cord Stimulation Systems and Implantation. https:\/\/www.aans.org\/"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12692","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation: clinical efficacy and potential mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Sdrulla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.10.005","article-title":"Innovations in spinal cord stimulation for pain","volume":"8","author":"Lempka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/379","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Frey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2009.00271.x","article-title":"An analysis of the components of pain, function, and health-related quality of life in patients with failed back surgery syndrome treated with spinal cord stimulation or conventional medical management","volume":"13","author":"Eldabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(98)00012-3","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain\u2014some predictors of success. A 15-year experience","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199612010-00015","article-title":"Prospective, multicenter study of spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic back and extremity pain","volume":"21","author":"Burchiel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib8","unstructured":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Clinical Classification Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM. http:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/ccs\/ccs.js"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib9","unstructured":"Condition Categories - Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse. https:\/\/www.ccwdata.org\/web\/guest\/condition-categories"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200309000-00002","article-title":"Clinical application of opioid equianalgesic data","volume":"19","author":"Gammaitoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib11","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999\u20132008","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12567","article-title":"Explantation rates and healthcare resource utilization in spinal cord stimulation","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labaran L, Jain N, Puvanesarajah V, Jain A, Buchholz AL, Hassanzadeh H. A retrospective database review of the indications, complications, and incidence of subsequent spine surgery in 12,297 spinal cord stimulator patients. Neuromodulation 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12952 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12952"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx262","article-title":"Association of opioid usage with spinal cord stimulation outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Sharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny245","article-title":"Explantation of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator devices: a retrospective descriptive analysis of a single-center 15-year experience","volume":"20","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12312","article-title":"Treatment-limiting complications of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator implants: a review of eight years of experience from an academic center database","volume":"18","author":"Hayek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.FOCUS15634","article-title":"Neuromodulation in intractable pain management: outcomes and predictors of revisions of spinal cord stimulators","volume":"40","author":"Bir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk052","article-title":"Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and cox regression","volume":"165","author":"Vittinghoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12482","article-title":"BMI as a predictor of spinal cord stimulation success in chronic pain patients","volume":"20","author":"Marola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12095","article-title":"Predictors of pain relief following spinal cord stimulation in chronic back and leg pain and failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib21","unstructured":"Nagel SJ, Frizon L, Maiti T, et al. Contemporary Approaches to Preventing and Treating Infections of Novel Intrathecal Neurostimulation Devices. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/?term=Contemporary+Approaches+to+Preventing+and+Treating+Infections+of+Novel+Intrathecal+Neurostimulation+Devices"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib22","unstructured":"Prabhala T, Kumar V, Gruenthal E, et al. Use of a Psychological Evaluation Tool as a Predictor of Spinal Cord Stimulation Outcomes. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30378737"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib23","unstructured":"Fama CA, Chen N, Prusik J, et al. The Use of Preoperative Psychological Evaluations to Predict Spinal Cord Stimulation Success: Our Experience and a Review of the Literature. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27121447"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib24","unstructured":"Stephens KA, Ward A. Patient Selection for Spinal Cord Stimulators: Mental Health Perspective. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24500636"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13173_bib25","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. American FactFinder - Results. October 2010. https:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/faces\/tableservices\/jsf\/pages\/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_DP05&prodType=table"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fner.13173","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ner.13173","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ner.13173","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715921001343?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715921001343?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ner.13173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:59:35Z","timestamp":1761083975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715921001343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715921001343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk Factors and Survival Analysis of Spinal Cord Stimulator Explantation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13173","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}