{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T02:14:20Z","timestamp":1768097660175,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81771482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870887"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870887"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T06:53:00Z","timestamp":1608101580000},"page":"272-278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Isolated Dystonia: Stereotactic Accuracy, Efficacy, and Safety"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4472-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chencheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daoqing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bomin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4212-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianyou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.06.023","article-title":"Causes of failure of pallidal deep brain stimulation in cases with pre-operative diagnosis of isolated dystonia","volume":"43","author":"Pauls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308159","article-title":"Postoperative MRI localisation of electrodes and clinical efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in cervical dystonia","volume":"86","author":"Schonecker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000325492.58799.35","article-title":"Reoperation for suboptimal outcomes after deep brain stimulation surgery","volume":"63","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003451","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in isolated dystonia: a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"88","author":"Ostrem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267430.95106.ff","article-title":"Sixty hertz pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary torsion dystonia","volume":"69","author":"Alterman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.488","article-title":"Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Starr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440407","article-title":"Neurophysiological identification of the subthalamic nucleus in surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Hutchison","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30166-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dual-lead thalamic deep brain stimulation for patients with treatment-refractory multiple sclerosis tremor: a single-centre, randomised, single-blind, pilot trial","volume":"16","author":"Oliveria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10142","article-title":"Pathophysiology of dystonia: a neuronal model","volume":"17","author":"Vitek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200401000-00004","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia","volume":"21","author":"Krauss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.03.027","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation modifies after-effects of paired associative stimulation on motor cortex excitability in primary generalised dystonia","volume":"206","author":"Tisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu258","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation suppresses pallidal low frequency activity in patients with phasic dystonic movements","volume":"137","author":"Barow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.105","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Ashkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100014682","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: an invaluable role for MER","volume":"40","author":"Zeiler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23770","article-title":"Risk of surgical delivery to deep nuclei: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kimmelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.JNS101407","article-title":"Reducing hemorrhagic complications in functional neurosurgery: a large case series and systematic literature review","volume":"116","author":"Zrinzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314500","article-title":"Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a critical comparison and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.JNS171166","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation outcomes in patients implanted under general anesthesia with frame-based stereotaxy and intraoperative MRI","volume":"129","author":"Matias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.4.JNS1550","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease outcomes after intraoperative CT-guided \"asleep\" deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus internus","volume":"124","author":"Mirzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.05.042","article-title":"\u201cAsleep\u201d deep brain stimulation surgery: a critical review of the literature","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.4.JNS122324","article-title":"Accuracy of deep brain stimulation electrode placement using intraoperative computed tomography without microelectrode recording","volume":"119","author":"Burchiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21580","article-title":"Pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with cranial-cervical dystonia (Meige syndrome)","volume":"22","author":"Ostrem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1159\/000249819","article-title":"Chronic deep brain stimulation for segmental dystonia","volume":"87","author":"Woehrle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22686","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation for segmental dystonia: long term follow up of 11 consecutive patients","volume":"24","author":"Sensi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia implanted using intraoperative MRI","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000108587","article-title":"Brain shift during deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"86","author":"Halpern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12766","article-title":"Comparison of awake vs. asleep surgery for subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Blasberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.JNS17883","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following awake and asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.7.2845","article-title":"Gender differences in age effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"88","author":"Gur","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14132","article-title":"Grey matter abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a voxel-wise meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22802","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of DYT1 dystonia patients treated by deep brain stimulation: an open-label study","volume":"25","author":"Cif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.109694","article-title":"Effect of electrode contact location on clinical efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia","volume":"78","author":"Tisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt009","article-title":"Bilateral pallidal stimulation in cervical dystonia: blinded evidence of benefit beyond 5 years","volume":"136","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.10.JNS131225","article-title":"Risks of common complications in deep brain stimulation surgery: management and avoidance","volume":"120","author":"Fenoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib36","first-page":"3056018","article-title":"Experience reduces surgical and hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation surgery: a single-center study of 181 patients operated in six years","volume":"2018","author":"Sorar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/11\/0998","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic hemorrhage after stereotactic electrode placement","volume":"107","author":"Sansur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23787","article-title":"A cost analysis of intraoperative microelectrode recording during subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"McClelland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.006","article-title":"Is awake physiological confirmation necessary for DBS treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease today? A comparison of intraoperative imaging, physiology, and physiology imaging-guided DBS in the past decade","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9020044","article-title":"Awake testing during deep brain stimulation surgery predicts postoperative stimulation side effect thresholds","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252932.71306.89","article-title":"Long-term outcome of bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary cervical dystonia","volume":"68","author":"Hung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.8.JNS13844","article-title":"A randomized double-blind crossover trial comparing subthalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia","volume":"119","author":"Schjerling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.05.165","article-title":"Meta-regression analysis of the long-term effects of pallidal and subthalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of isolated dystonia","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus versus the subthalamic nucleus in isolated dystonia","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13341_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09703-9","article-title":"A pooled meta-analysis of GPi and STN deep brain stimulation outcomes for cervical dystonia","volume":"267","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ner.13341","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ner.13341","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715921000908?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715921000908?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ner.13341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T22:00:03Z","timestamp":1761084003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715921000908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715921000908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Isolated Dystonia: Stereotactic Accuracy, Efficacy, and Safety","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13341","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}