{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1787096672930,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY026174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R61EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R61EY032468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201020\u20101\u20100579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201020\u20101\u20100579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH2010820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH2010820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX002015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T18:36:16Z","timestamp":1620153376000},"page":"1107-1114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Long-Term Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Ocular Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-6635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divy","family":"Mehra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simran","family":"Mangwani-Mordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Acuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodi","family":"C. Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"R. Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anat","family":"Galor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2019.1657833","article-title":"Diagnostic tests in dry eye","volume":"14","author":"Kloosterboer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4925","article-title":"Longitudinal examination of frequency of and risk factors for severe dry eye symptoms in US veterans","volume":"135","author":"Ong","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306057","article-title":"Dry eye symptom severity and persistence are associated with symptoms of neuropathic pain","volume":"99","author":"Galor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310633","article-title":"Epidemiology of discordance between symptoms and signs of dry eye","volume":"102","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307094","article-title":"Incomplete response to artificial tears is associated with features of neuropathic ocular pain","volume":"100","author":"Galor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.10.001","article-title":"Neuropathic pain and dry eye","volume":"16","author":"Galor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.01.005","article-title":"Autologous serum tears for treatment of photoallodynia in patients with corneal neuropathy: efficacy and evaluation with in vivo confocal microscopy","volume":"13","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is gabapentin effective in dry eye disease and neuropathic ocular pain?","volume":"121","author":"Ongun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000630","article-title":"Oral gabapentinoids and nerve blocks for the treatment of chronic ocular pain","volume":"46","author":"Small","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.02.001","article-title":"Resolution of pain with periocular injections in a patient with a 7-year history of chronic ocular pain","volume":"14","author":"Duerr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312649","article-title":"Photophobia and sensations of dryness in patients with migraine occur independent of baseline tear volume and improve following botulinum toxin a injections","volume":"103","author":"Diel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.031","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of photophobia and dry eye","volume":"125","author":"Diel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib13","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"9","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib14","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for fibromyalgia in adults","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29280-e","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.29280","article-title":"Comparison of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and pulsed radiofrequency sympathectomy for treating painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Naderi Nabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-140573","article-title":"Effects of visual illusion and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a randomised controlled cross-over trial","volume":"28","author":"\u00d6zkul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70143-5","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Baron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib18","series-title":"CADTH rapid response reports. Non-invasive nerve stimulation modalities for migraine pain: a review of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness","author":"Subramonian","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13223","article-title":"Efficacy of occipital nerve stimulation to treat refractory occipital headaches: a single-institution study of 60 patients","volume":"23","author":"Raoul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for facial pain","volume":"35","author":"Zayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neurol Surg"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12742","article-title":"Noninvasive electrical stimulation for the treatment of chronic ocular pain and photophobia","volume":"21","author":"Sivanesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13146","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the long-term treatment of ocular pain","volume":"23","author":"Zayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182825055","article-title":"Migraine prevention with a supraorbital transcutaneous stimulator: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"80","author":"Schoenen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-015-0039-5","article-title":"Transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation (t-SNS) with the Cefaly(\u00ae) device for migraine prevention: a review of the available data","volume":"4","author":"Riederer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diel RJ, Mehra D, Kardon R, Buse DC, Moulton E, Galor A. Photophobia: shared pathophysiology underlying dry eye disease, migraine and traumatic brain injury leading to central neuroplasticity of the trigeminothalamic pathway. Br J Ophthalmol 2020;1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316417"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318247ec2a","article-title":"Dry eyes and migraines: is there really a correlation?","volume":"31","author":"Koktekir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309658","article-title":"Evidence of central sensitisation in those with dry eye symptoms and neuropathic-like ocular pain complaints: incomplete response to topical anaesthesia and generalised heightened sensitivity to evoked pain","volume":"101","author":"Crane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10819","article-title":"Ocular surface parameters in older male veterans","volume":"54","author":"Galor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000249","article-title":"Characteristics of ocular pain complaints in patients with idiopathic dry eye symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Kalangara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.10.019","article-title":"Neuropathic ocular pain due to dry eye is associated with multiple comorbid chronic pain syndromes","volume":"17","author":"Galor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001952","article-title":"Interpretation of chronic pain clinical trial outcomes: IMMPACT recommended considerations","volume":"161","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.5.2092","article-title":"Responses of medullary dorsal horn neurons to corneal stimulation by CO(2) pulses in the rat","volume":"82","author":"Hirata","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0381-04.2004","article-title":"A novel class of neurons at the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris\/caudalis transition region monitors ocular surface fluid status and modulates tear production","volume":"24","author":"Hirata","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.4.18","article-title":"New methods for quantification of visual photosensitivity threshold and symptoms","volume":"6","author":"Verriotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.12.010","article-title":"Validation of the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5): discrimination across self-assessed severity and aqueous tear deficient dry eye diagnoses","volume":"33","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-135","article-title":"Supraorbital transcutaneous neurostimulation has sedative effects in healthy subjects","volume":"11","author":"Piquet","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46044-8","article-title":"The safety and preventive effects of a supraorbital transcutaneous stimulator in Japanese migraine patients","volume":"9","author":"Danno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000349","article-title":"The association of dry eye symptom severity and comorbid insomnia in US veterans","volume":"44","author":"Galor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","article-title":"The insomnia severity index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response","volume":"34","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308678","article-title":"Transcutaneous periorbital electrical stimulation in the treatment of dry eye","volume":"101","author":"Pedrotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9305","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical stimulation combined with artificial tears for the treatment of dry eye: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.24.2.87","article-title":"Interferential current therapy","volume":"24","author":"Goats","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000276","article-title":"High- and low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation does not reduce experimental pain in elderly individuals","volume":"156","author":"Bergeron-V\u00e9zina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v4i2.4812","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) a possible aid for pain relief in developing countries?","volume":"4","author":"Tashani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Libyan J Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.07.012","article-title":"Deciphering the role of endogenous opioids in high-frequency TENS using low and high doses of naloxone","volume":"151","author":"Leonard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29376-9","article-title":"Blockade of opioid receptors in rostral ventral medulla prevents antihyperalgesia produced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)","volume":"298","author":"Kalra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.11.002","article-title":"Descending projections from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) to trigeminal and spinal dorsal horns are morphologically and neurochemically distinct","volume":"43","author":"Aicher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416656118","article-title":"Cerebral metabolism before and after external trigeminal nerve stimulation in episodic migraine","volume":"37","author":"Magis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1111\/ner.13402_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nel056","article-title":"Repeated 100 Hz TENS for the treatment of chronic inflammatory hyperalgesia and suppression of spinal release of substance P in monoarthritic rats","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ner.13402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ner.13402","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715921062280?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715921062280?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/ner.13402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ner.13402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:58:53Z","timestamp":1761083933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715921062280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715921062280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13402","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-Term Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Ocular Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13402","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}