{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:14:52Z","timestamp":1791918892317,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]],"date-time":"2013-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human neurodegenrative diseases such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>arkinson's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>untington's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALS<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>lzheimer's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>) are caused by a loss of neurons and glia in the brain or spinal cord. Neurons and glial cells have successfully been generated from stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESCs<\/jats:styled-content>), mesenchymal stem cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSCs<\/jats:styled-content>) and neural stem cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSCs<\/jats:styled-content>), and stem cell\u2010based cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases have been developed. A recent advance in generatioin of a new class of pluripotent stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPSCs<\/jats:styled-content>), derived from patients' own skin fibroblasts, opens doors for a totally new field of personalized medicine. Transplantation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSCs<\/jats:styled-content>, neurons or glia generated from stem cells in animal models of neurodegenrative diseases, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HD<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>, demonstrates clinical improvement and also life extension of these animals. Additional therapeutic benefits in these animals can be provided by stem cell\u2010mediated gene transfer of therapeutic genes such as neurotrophic factors and enzymes. 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