{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:51:19Z","timestamp":1790070679609,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"Glucose transporter\u20101 (GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) is one of the major isoforms of the family of glucose transporter proteins that facilitates the import of glucose in human cells to fuel anaerobic metabolism. The present study was meant to determine the extent of the anaerobic\/hypoxic state of the intratumoral microenvironment by staining for GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 in intracranial non\u2010embolized typical (WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade I<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940), brain invasive and atypical (each WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade II<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200938) and anaplastic meningiomas (WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade III<\/jats:styled-content>, n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096). I<\/jats:styled-content>n addition, GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 staining levels were compared with the various histological criteria used for diagnosing WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade II<\/jats:styled-content> and III<\/jats:styled-content> meningiomas, namely, brain invasion, increased mitotic activity and atypical cytoarchitectural change, defined by the presence of at least three out of hypercellularity, sheet\u2010like growth, prominent nucleoli, small cell change and \u201cspontaneous\u201d necrosis. The level of tumor hypoxia was assessed by converting the extent and intensity of the stainings by multiplication in an immunoreactive score (IRS<\/jats:styled-content>) and statistically evaluated. The results were as follows. (1) While GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 expression was found to be mainly weak in WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade I<\/jats:styled-content> meningiomas (IRS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091\u20134) and to be consistently strong in WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade III<\/jats:styled-content> meningiomas (IRS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20096\u201312), in WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade II<\/jats:styled-content> meningiomas GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 expression was variable (IRS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091\u20139). (2) Histologically typical, but brain invasive meningiomas (WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade II<\/jats:styled-content>) showed no or similarly low levels of GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 expression as observed in WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade I<\/jats:styled-content> meningiomas (IRS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090\u20134). (3) GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 expression was observed in the form of a patchy, multifocal staining reaction in 76% of stained WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade I<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010III<\/jats:styled-content> meningiomas, while diffuse staining (in 11%) and combined multifocal and areas of diffuse staining (in 13%) were only detected in WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grades II<\/jats:styled-content> and III<\/jats:styled-content> meningiomas, except for uniform staining in angiomatous WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grade I<\/jats:styled-content> meningioma. (4) \u201cSpontaneous\u201d necrosis and small cell change typically occurred away from the intratumoral capillary network embedded within the pattern of GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 staining. Taken together, GLUT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 staining cannot be applied as a substitute for histologic grading in order to predict tumor behavior. However, assessment of tumor hypoxia in association with \u201cspontaneous\u201d necrosis and foci of small cell change may substantially contribute to the neuropathologic diagnosis of WHO<\/jats:styled-content> grades II<\/jats:styled-content> and III<\/jats:styled-content> meningioma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T14:25:03Z","timestamp":1409235903000},"page":"24-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immunocytochemical analysis of glucose transporter protein\u20101 (GLUT<\/scp>\u20101) in typical, brain invasive, atypical and anaplastic meningioma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Johannes A. 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