{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:24:30Z","timestamp":1787934270517,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"B<\/jats:styled-content>alamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic> is an amoeba found in fresh water and soil that causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. We report herein an autopsy case of B<\/jats:styled-content>. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic> amoebic encephalitis, which was definitely diagnosed by PCR<\/jats:styled-content>. An 81\u2010year\u2010old man, who had S<\/jats:styled-content>j\u00f6gren's syndrome, manifested drowsiness 2 months before his death with progressive deterioration. Neuroimaging demonstrated foci of T2<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and fluid\u2010attenuated inversion recovery high and T1<\/jats:styled-content> low\u2010intensity with irregular post\u2010contrast ring enhancement in the cerebral hemisphere, thalamus and midbrain. Pathologically, multiple hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions were found in the cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla and cerebellum, which were characterized by liquefactive necrosis, marked edema, hemorrhage and necrotizing vasculitis associated with the perivascular accumulation of amoebic trophozoites, a few cysts, and the infiltration of numerous neutrophils and microglia\/macrophages. The trophozoites were ovoid or round, 10\u201360\u2009\u03bcm in diameter, and they showed foamy cytoplasm and a round nucleus with small karyosome in the center. The PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and immunohistochemistry from paraffin\u2010embedded brain specimens revealed angioinvasive encephalitis due to B<\/jats:styled-content>. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>. Human cases of B<\/jats:styled-content>. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic> brain infection are rare in J<\/jats:styled-content>apan, with only a few brief reports in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T08:27:37Z","timestamp":1409732857000},"page":"64-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["An autopsy case of B<\/scp>alamuthia mandrillaris<\/i> amoebic encephalitis, a rare emerging infectious disease, with a brief review of the cases reported in J<\/scp>apan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Itoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Applied Neurobiology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Yagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyoshi","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harutaka","family":"Katano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koushun","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology Ohmihachiman Community Medical Center Ohmihachiman Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youhei","family":"Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology Ohmihachiman Community Medical Center Ohmihachiman Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So","family":"Tando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Applied Neurobiology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Fushiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Applied Neurobiology Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(00)00232-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2006.04.003","article-title":"Fatal amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in an immunocompetent host. 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