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In the present study, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of p57\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ip2, a member of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ip\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ip family of cyclin\u2010dependent kinase inhibitory proteins, in balloon cells in surgical specimens taken from 26, 17 and six patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD IIb<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HME<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively. Characteristic dot\u2010like reactivity with a faint, intense, reticular and process\u2010like pattern was confined to the proximal portion of the cytoplasmic processes of the cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the p57\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ip2 reactivity on intermediate filaments in the proximal portion of the processes. The immunohistochemical profile appeared similar to that of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>34; however, a double immunofluorescence study demonstrated that no cells showed reactivity for both p57\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ip2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>34. The frequencies of the p57\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ip2\u2010positive cells in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD IIb<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HME<\/jats:styled-content> were significantly higher than those in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>, suggesting that the balloon cells may be heterogeneous. These findings suggest some functional significance of the protein on the cytoplasmic processes of balloon cells and appear consistent with the notion that the cells are abnormally differentiated progenitor cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T11:34:48Z","timestamp":1430998488000},"page":"401-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristic expression of p57\/<scp>K<\/scp>ip2 in balloon cells in focal cortical dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata  Niigata Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine  Kyoto 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