{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:49:37Z","timestamp":1791416977775,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing &amp;amp; Health Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Machine learning (ML) informs nursing practice, but prediction cannot establish intervention or workflow effects. Aim To map ML use within causal effect estimation and causal evaluations of ML\u2010enabled interventions in nursing and midwifery. Eight electronic sources were searched for reports published January 2015\u2013June 2026, followed by backward citation searching. Eligibility required a causal estimand, corresponding identification strategy, substantive ML role, and nursing or midwifery relevance. Two reviewers independently screened records and full texts. Fifteen studies (17 reports) were included. Five addressed acute deterioration or sepsis; others covered care prioritization, falls, post\u2010discharge care, and nurse\u2010 or midwife\u2010led services. Five used ML within causal effect estimation to examine longitudinal and spillover effects, treatment\u2010effect heterogeneity, and targeting strategies. Ten evaluated ML\u2010enabled interventions or workflows; reported favorable effects on mortality, care escalation, message\u2010review time, and nursing processes, while several controlled estimates were null or imprecise. Evidence remains small and methodologically uneven. Future studies should align estimands, identification strategies, analytic methods, and workflows and evaluate model\u2010plus\u2010workflow effects on nursing processes and patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.70431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:00:33Z","timestamp":1791414033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine Learning in Causal Effect Estimation and Causal Evaluation of\n                    <scp>ML<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Enabled Interventions in Nursing\u2010Related Research: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2376-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kosmidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Democritus University of Thrace  Alexandroupolis Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5490-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Vlachopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Democritus University of Thrace  Alexandroupolis Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulqadir J.","family":"Nashwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing &amp; Midwifery Research Department Hamad Medical Corporation  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3576-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Lima Rodrigues","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Enfermagem Universidade Federal da Bahia  Salvador Bahia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7286-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breno Santos","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Enfermagem Universidade Federal da Bahia  Salvador Bahia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4230-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Armeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Democritus University of Thrace  Alexandroupolis Greece"},{"name":"Department of Genomics Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1540-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Sertaridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department Democritus University of Thrace  Alexandroupolis Greece"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit University Hospital of Alexandroupolis  Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9353-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotiria","family":"Koutsouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit General Hospital of Kavala  Kavala Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2025.105680"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606\u2010025\u201010104\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746\u2010023\u201000986\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26456"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.13026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010020\u20101037\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.7741"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw125"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2023.635"},{"issue":"59","key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Causal Classification: Treatment Effect Estimation vs. Outcome Prediction","volume":"23","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Lor\u00eda C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010024\u201002902\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0084"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010040617\u2010014128"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","volume-title":"Causal Inference: What If","author":"Hern\u00e1n M. 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