{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:02:18Z","timestamp":1782255738699,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing in Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is notably high after cardiac surgery, ranging from 25% to 30%, and is associated with a lower quality of life, increased patient dependency, and heightened mortality. Anaesthesia during cardiothoracic surgery significantly contributes to the risk of POCD in older adults by adversely affecting the brain, including reductions in blood flow and oxygen levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review aimed to evaluate factors associated with anaesthesia\u2010related postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) among adults younger than 65\u2009years who underwent cardiothoracic surgeries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic keyword search, following the scoping review framework, was performed in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. Original English\u2010language studies that included adults younger than 65\u2009years and addressed cognitive function after surgery along with anaesthesia management were included. Retrospective studies, animal research and in vitro and in vivo studies were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010three articles were included (65.2% interventional studies). All studies lacked theoretical or conceptual frameworks. Ketamine's neuroprotective potential is questionable, and intravenous lidocaine may be considered a possible early agent for preventing POCD, but long\u2010term effectiveness is uncertain. Compared to inhalational anaesthesia, total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) may be related to a decreased incidence of POCD. Variation in POCD assessment impacted the lack of homogeneity in obtained data. Moreover, the shorter\u2010term timing of POCD evaluation such as in early days after surgery could be greatly influenced by medication and delirium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although strategies such as TIVA, the use of neuroprotective anaesthetics and comprehensive preoperative assessments are suggested to prevent POCD, this multifactorial phenomenon cannot be explicitly attributed solely to anaesthetics or anaesthesia\u2010related techniques. Use of standardized, reliable and valid tools for POCD assessment is encouraged for cross\u2010study comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Relevance to Clinical Practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nurses and certified nurse anaesthetists must be aware of risk factors for postoperative delirium and POCD so they can assess patients before and after surgery. Patients and caregivers need to be educated about cognitive changes after surgery and advised to report them to their health care provider if they occur.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.13001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T17:32:54Z","timestamp":1700587974000},"page":"457-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anaesthesia\u2010related cognitive dysfunction following cardiothoracic surgery in late middle\u2010age and younger adults: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesam Aldin","family":"Varpaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine 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