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Music intervention, as a non\u2010pharmacological approach, has the potential to reduce delirium, but the optimal dosage and type of intervention remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the effects of music intervention at different doses and types on reducing delirium in ICU patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted as a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Databases including Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Airiti Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Data were searched until 29 February 2024. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 criteria. Data were analysed using RevMan 5.4.1 and Comprehensive Meta\u2010Analysis 3.0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen studies involving 1434 ICU patients were included. Four studies were of good quality (low risk of bias), seven were of moderate quality (unclear risk) and three were of low quality (high risk). Pooled analysis showed that music interventions significantly reduced the risk of delirium (12 studies, RR\u2009=\u2009.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] [.40, .61]). Slow\u2010tempo music had the strongest effect (11 studies, RR\u2009=\u2009.46, 95% CI [.37, .57]). The optimal intervention dosage involves conducting music interventions twice daily (12 studies, RR\u2009=\u2009.46, 95% CI [.34, .63]), with each session lasting 30\u2009min (12 studies, RR\u2009=\u2009.41, 95% CI [.30, .55]). Additionally, a pooled analysis showed that a 7\u2010day music intervention (6 studies, RR\u2009=\u2009.43, 95% CI [.26, .71]) was the most effective in reducing the risk of delirium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Music intervention reduces delirium in ICU patients, especially with two 30\u2010min sessions daily for 7\u2009days. However, the certainty of evidence is low, highlighting the need for further high\u2010quality research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance to Clinical Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Music intervention is a simple, non\u2010invasive method that may help reduce delirium in ICU patients. However, given the low certainty of the current evidence, it should be used cautiously, and further research is needed to validate its effectiveness before routine implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.13230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T03:39:28Z","timestamp":1737689968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dose\u2013response analysis of music intervention for improving delirium in intensive care unit patients: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Rong\u2010Sian","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing China Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuei\u2010Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research National Health Research Institutes  Zhunan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao\u2010Yun","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Ling","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing China Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010020\u201000223\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0000000000000082"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijccm.IJCCM_244_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002\u20100320OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.03.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019\u20105545.224473"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S192836"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102018\u2010024562"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104239"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jeccm.2018.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.04.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054\u2010017\u20101865\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001557"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20102600(16)00025\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003199"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000154773.11986.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","unstructured":"Association.AMT. 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