{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:42:47Z","timestamp":1785526967333,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing in Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Critical care nurses (CCNs) are in the frontline of providing quality care to critically ill patients. Consequently, they are constantly exposed to stress, trauma and compassion fatigue. However, nursing literature is scarce in reporting the connections between vicarious trauma (VT), secondary traumatic stress (STS), post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compassion fatigue (CF), professional self\u2010efficacy (PSE) and post\u2010traumatic growth (PTG) among CCNs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the interrelationships of VT, STS, PTSD, CF, PSE and PTG among CCNs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional and correlational design. CCNs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009264) in Saudi Arabia were recruited via consecutive sampling from October to December 2024 and completed a questionnaire with six validated self\u2010report scales. Covariance\u2010based structural equation modelling was used to analyse the interrelationships of study variables.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      STS had significant, direct positive effects on PSE (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.20,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), PTSD (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), and PTG (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.39,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). PSE had a significant, indirect effect on PTSD (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). VT had significant, direct positive effects on PTG (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.30,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019) and CF (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019). PTSD had significant, direct positive effects on PTG (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and CF (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.68,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). PTG had significant, direct negative effects on CF (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.68,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). PSE mediated the impact of STS on PTSD (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). Finally, PTG mediated between VT and CF (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrated the mediating roles of PSE and PTG between the associations of STS, PTSD, VT and CF, thus reducing the impacts of STS and VT on PTSD and CF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance to Clinical Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthcare institutions and nurse managers may leverage on the protective effects of PSE and PTG. They may devise and implement programs that strengthen PSE and PTG because they prevent or minimise CCNs' traumatic experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.70213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T13:56:04Z","timestamp":1761659764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Critical Care Nurses' Traumatic Experiences and Compassion Fatigue: The Mediating Roles of Professional Self\u2010Efficacy and Post\u2010Traumatic Growth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizal Angelo N.","family":"Grande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences  Makkah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5001-6946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Joseph E.","family":"Berdida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing North Private College of Nursing  Arar Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1708-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazel N.","family":"Villagracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Surgical Nursing Department College of Nursing, University of Ha'il  Ha'il Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry Terence O.","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing Department College of Nursing, University of Ha'il  Ha'il Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5703-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modi","family":"Al\u2010Moteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing Taif University  Taif Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0316-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Alasqah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health, and Community Health College of Nursing, Qassim University  Buraydah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2021.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S483225"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2024.103875"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Vicarious Trauma and Disaster Mental Health: Understanding Risks and Promoting Resilience","author":"Evces M. 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