{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:58:52Z","timestamp":1785499132709,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing in Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various teaching methods have been used to train healthcare staff in ventilator\u2010associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention. Despite the positive results of blended learning in increasing nurses' knowledge and performance, there is a lack of robust, generalisable evidence on the medium\u2010 or long\u2010term effectiveness of text messages as part of educational packages and microlearning on the sustainability of these outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to examine the effectiveness of two teaching methods\u2014lecture\u2010based and blended (lecture plus text messages)\u2014on nurses' knowledge and performance in VAP prevention in Kermanshah.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses participated in a training session, randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received educational messages containing key points from the training session every other day for 2\u2009weeks; the control group did not receive messages. Knowledge and performance were measured before and after using a validated questionnaire to assess changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The intervention and control groups each had 30 participants. Most nurses were women (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200940, 66%), over half were over 30\u2009years old (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200928, 53%) and a significant proportion had less than 10\u2009years of experience (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200952, 86%). At pre\u2010test, the mean knowledge scores were 21.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.9 (intervention) and 20.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.9 (control), with performance scores of 120.8\u2009\u00b1\u200910.4 and 120.1\u2009\u00b1\u200913.4, respectively. In post\u2010test, the intervention group showed statistically significant improvements in knowledge (20.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 vs. 22.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), performance (126.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2 vs. 120.8\u2009\u00b1\u20099.7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ongoing short message service (SMS) reminders improved nurses' knowledge and performance in VAP prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance to Clinical Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that a low\u2010cost, affordable educational programme based on continuous repetition with brief content (short reminder short message service [SMS]) can significantly improve intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' knowledge and adherence to ventilator\u2010associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention measures. Implementing such simple, concise interventions within continuing clinical education programmes can sustainably reinforce infection prevention behaviours and, in resource\u2010limited settings, lead to improved clinical outcomes and reduced care costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.70540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:23:59Z","timestamp":1782804239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Short Messages on\n                    <scp>ICU<\/scp>\n                    Nurses' Knowledge and Performance Regarding Ventilator\u2010Associated Pneumonia Prevention: A Quasi\u2010Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Farideh","family":"Danaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS)  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2413-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leili","family":"Rostamnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parvin","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"},{"name":"School of Health Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247832"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","first-page":"696","article-title":"Frequency of Device\u2010Associated Infections in Intensive Care Units","volume":"77","author":"Yaghoobi M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tehran University Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v7.i1.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/nm.2021.e1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36416\/1806-3756\/e20200569"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24854"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Assessment of Staff Knowledge and Practices for Nosocomial Infection Control and Prevention","volume":"12","author":"Khodadadi B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Education & Health Promotion"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/cjms.2021.1292"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10101852"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","article-title":"Knowledge of Intensive Care Nurses' Towards Prevention of Ventilator\u2010Associated Pneumonia in North West Ethiopia Referral Hospitals, 2021: A Multicenter, Cross\u2010Sectional Study","volume":"78","author":"Getahun A. 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