{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:43:52Z","timestamp":1791859432347,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The brain and the gut communicate bidirectionally through the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The vagus nerve (VN), a major component of the ANS, plays a key role in the neuro\u2010endocrine\u2010immune axis to maintain homeostasia through its afferents (through the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and the central ANS) and through its efferents (i.e. the cholinergic anti\u2010inflammatory pathway; CAP). The CAP has an anti\u2010TNF effect both through the release of acetylcholine at the distal VN acting on macrophages and through the connection of the VN with the spleen through the splenic sympathetic nerve. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) of vagal afferents at high frequency (20\u201330\u2003Hz) is used for the treatment of drug\u2010resistant epilepsy and depression. Low\u2010frequency (5\u2003Hz) VNS of vagal efferents activates the CAP for an anti\u2010inflammatory effect that is as an anti\u2010TNF therapy in inflammatory diseases were TNF is a key cytokine as represented by experimental sepsis, postoperative ileus, burn\u2010induced intestinal barrier injury, colitis. However, both vagal afferents and efferents are activated by VNS.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The objective of this review was to explore the following: (i) the supporting evidence for the importance of VNS in epilepsy (and depression) and its mechanisms of action, (ii) the anti\u2010inflammatory characteristics of the VN, (iii) the experimental evidence that VNS impact on inflammatory disorders focusing on the digestive tract, and (iv) how VNS could potentially be harnessed therapeutically in human inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, postoperative ileus, rheumatoid arthritis as an anti\u2010inflammatory therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T20:04:52Z","timestamp":1359489892000},"page":"208-221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":289,"title":["Vagus nerve stimulation: from epilepsy to the cholinergic anti\u2010inflammatory pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Bonaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Picq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Sinniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. F.","family":"Mayol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Claren\u00e7on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","first-page":"365","article-title":"Inhibiting the effects of cytokines in human diseases","volume":"40","author":"Arend WP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.392"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798157658"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","first-page":"RA55","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: a model of the brain\u2010gut interactions","volume":"10","author":"Mulak A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00065"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","first-page":"455","volume-title":"Handbook of the Autonomic Nervous System in Health and Disease","author":"Tach\u00e9 Y","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00220-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30555"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803237105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3181d64d8a"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00215-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198950"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05852.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902830207"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1930.92.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1938.1.5.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1731"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05847.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","first-page":"627","article-title":"Effect of afferent vagal stimulation on the electroencephalogram of the cat in cerebral isolation","volume":"28","author":"Zanchetti A","year":"1952","journal-title":"Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.09700.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Central representation of visceral function","volume":"46","author":"Cechetto DF","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(95)00035-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(02)00013-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(03)00074-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200109000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.48"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_35_2","first-page":"G1","article-title":"The relationship between gastrointestinal motility and secretion","volume":"252","author":"Greenwood B","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02799.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00897.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09471.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00105-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.032502.111311"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(82)90010-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000126215"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(95)00051-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.136.10.4717"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_2","first-page":"2209","article-title":"Impaired parasympathetic function increases susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model of depression","volume":"118","author":"Ghia JE","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R141"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01138.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:30:1:107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402177"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00699.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00240.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00098.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052362"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003152"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.061531"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1993.1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.5.3535"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1105625"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209985"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30085"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.11.11.1401"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.091322"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(03)00023-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042397"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00147.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2009.00057"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1393.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011714"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903490205"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_81_2","first-page":"R888","article-title":"Neuronal pathways involved in abdominal surgery\u2010induced gastric ileus in rats","volume":"270","author":"Barquist E","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000055742.79045.7E"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm976"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00156.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00427.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001879"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80079-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960101)364:1<78::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_90_2","first-page":"G531","article-title":"Glutamate and GABA\u2010mediated synaptic currents in neurons of the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus","volume":"260","author":"Travagli RA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.68.040504.094635"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2005.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00588.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02266.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30219"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24177"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1549-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20189"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03492.x"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fnmo.12076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.12076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T15:31:16Z","timestamp":1698679876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nmo.12076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nmo.12076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.12076","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-1925","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]}}}