{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:12:24Z","timestamp":1793473944295,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTS 0506215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTS 0506215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anesthetics are commonly applied in animal studies of gastrointestinal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>) function. Different anesthetics alter smooth\u2010muscle motility in different ways. The aim of this study is to quantify and compare non\u2010invasively with magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>) the motility patterns of the rat gut when anesthetized with inactin <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> isoflurane anesthetics in the fed state.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rats were given an oral gavage of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> contrast agent for improved visualization of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content> tract. Two\u2010dimensional images through the jejunum of the pre\u2010 and postanesthetized rat in the fed state were acquired every 168\u00a0ms. Image registration, segmentation, and postprocessing algorithms were applied to produce spatio\u2010temporal maps that were used to quantify peristaltic and segmental motions in the jejunum region interspersed between periods of inactivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were significantly longer periods of inactivity in the rats treated with isoflurane than in those treated with inactin (179.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022.4\u00a0s <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 17.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.3\u00a0s). The speed of propagation and wavelength of peristalsis, and the frequency and speed of pattern switching of segmental motility, were higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in rats treated with inactin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Isoflurane and inactin anesthetics produce significantly different motility behavior with the rat's <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content> tract in the fed state. Isoflurane anesthetic, results in a reduced frequency of occurrence of motility periods and an overall reduced level of motility in comparison with inactin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]],"date-time":"2015-01-30T12:18:34Z","timestamp":1422620314000},"page":"1477-1486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Quantifying the effects of inactin <i>vs<\/i> Isoflurane anesthesia on gastrointestinal motility in rats using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and spatio\u2010temporal maps"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"A. C.","family":"Ailiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"},{"name":"Huck Institute for Life Sciences Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"Brasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Banco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. G.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Comparative stability of physiological parameters during sustained anesthesia in rats","volume":"28","author":"Buelke\u2010Sam J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2001.00849.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1996.530287000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00605.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00441.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.057182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Biomedical Imaging","author":"Webb AG","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510015683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-007-0192-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/23\/009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.149.1.6611926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Comparison of respiratory and cardiovascular effects of halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane delivered via the Jackson\u2010Rees breathing system in rats. 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