{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:15:56Z","timestamp":1787840156466,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,20]],"date-time":"2015-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PB-PG-0107\/12127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB-PG-0107\/12127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>) are frequently reported to be exacerbated by stress. Animal studies suggest that corticotrophin releasing hormone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content>) mediates the effect of stress on the bowel. We have shown that stressed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content> patients with diarrhea have constricted small bowels. We hypothesized that we could mimic this effect by applying experimental stress in the form of either hand immersion in ice water or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content> injection in healthy volunteers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HV<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The postprandial effect of the cold pressor test (repeated hand immersion in ice cold water) and injection of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content>, were assessed <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> control in two groups of 18 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HV<\/jats:styled-content>s.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content> produced a significant rise from baseline salivary cortisol levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) not seen with the cold pressor test. Small bowel water content (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBWC<\/jats:styled-content>) fell postprandially on all four treatments. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBWC<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly reduced by both stressors but <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content> caused a greater effect (<jats:sc>anova, <\/jats:sc><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.003 <jats:italic>vs p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02). Ascending colon (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>) volume was greater after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content> injection compared with saline (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002) but no differences were seen with the cold pressor test <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> warm water. Postprandial increase in colon volume was also reduced by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content> which also increased the sensations of distension and bloating.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two experimental stressors were shown to constrict the small bowel, mimicking the effect previously seen in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010D patients. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRH<\/jats:styled-content> increased the volume of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>. We speculate that stress accelerates transfer of water from the small bowel to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,21]],"date-time":"2015-02-21T04:22:20Z","timestamp":1424492540000},"page":"542-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of experimental stress on the small bowel and colon in healthy humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"S. E.","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. C.","family":"Garsed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit Nottingham University Hospitals University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. L.","family":"Hoad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lingaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre School of Clinical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Banwait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre School of Clinical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Thongborisute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre School of Clinical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre School of Clinical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Costigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre School of Clinical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Marciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit Nottingham University Hospitals University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre School of Clinical Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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