{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T10:47:39Z","timestamp":1753440459295},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sacral nerve stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content>) is an alternative surgical treatment of refractory urge incontinence and\/or fecal incontinence. Despite its clinical efficacy, the mechanisms of action of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> remain poorly understood. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> on visceral mechanosensitivity in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anesthetized Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were treated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> or sham stimulation. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> was performed by implanting an electrode close to the sacral nerve root S1. Rats were administered either a non\u2010selective opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone) or a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAME<\/jats:styled-content>). Colonic mechanosensitivity was evaluated using the variation of arterial blood pressure as a spino\u2010bulbar reflex in response to graded isobaric colorectal distension (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRD<\/jats:styled-content>). C\u2010fos immunoreactive neurons were quantified in spinal and supraspinal sites. <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\u2010opioid receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MOR<\/jats:styled-content>) internalization was counted in the sacral spinal cord with sham or effective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> in response to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> reduced visceral mechanosensitivity in response to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRD<\/jats:styled-content>. This effect was reversed by intrathecal and intraveinous naloxone administration. In both models, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRD<\/jats:styled-content> induced increased c\u2010fos immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn neurons of the sacral spinal cord and supraspinal areas. This increase was prevented by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MOR<\/jats:styled-content> internalization was significantly higher in stimulated group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> impacts on visceral mechanosensitivity by decreasing the spino\u2010bulbar reflex in response to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRD<\/jats:styled-content>. Spinal opioid receptors are likely involved in this effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,25]],"date-time":"2015-03-25T08:25:10Z","timestamp":1427271910000},"page":"816-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Acute sacral nerve stimulation reduces visceral mechanosensitivity in Rat through spinal opioid pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Langlois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Gut &amp; Brain Unit (INSERM U1073) Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation Rouen University Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Meleine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Gut &amp; Brain Unit (INSERM U1073) Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation Rouen University Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Ouelaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Gut &amp; Brain Unit (INSERM U1073) Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation Rouen University Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Caremel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Rouen University Hospital Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Bridoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Gut &amp; Brain Unit (INSERM U1073) Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation Rouen University Rouen France"},{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery Rouen University Hospital Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Benard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN) Mont\u2010Saint\u2010Aignan France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Dechelotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Gut &amp; Brain Unit (INSERM U1073) Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation Rouen University Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Ducrotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition, Gut &amp; Brain Unit (INSERM U1073) Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation Rouen University Rouen France"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Rouen University Hospital Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Grise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Rouen University Hospital Rouen France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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