{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:23:03Z","timestamp":1788308583142,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK106011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK106011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cachexia is a significant problem in patients with cancer. The effect of cancer on interstitial cells of Cajal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content>) and neurons of the gastrointestinal tract have not been studied previously. Although supplementation with L\u2010glutamine 2% may have beneficial effects in cancer\u2010related cachexia, and be protective of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> in models of oxidative stress such as diabetes, its effects on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> in cancer have also not been studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control supplemented with L\u2010glutamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CG<\/jats:styled-content>), Walker 256 tumor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WT<\/jats:styled-content>), and Walker 256 tumor supplemented with L\u2010glutamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WTG<\/jats:styled-content>). Rats were implanted with tumor cells or injected with saline in the right flank. After 14 days, the jejunal tissues were collected and processed for immunohistochemical techniques including whole mounts and cryosections and Western blot analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tumor\u2010bearing rats demonstrate reduced numbers of Myenteric ICC and deep muscular plexus ICC and yet increased Ano1 protein expression and enhanced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> networks. In addition, there is more <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nNOS<\/jats:styled-content> protein expressed in tumor\u2010bearing rats compared to controls. L\u2010glutamine treatment had a variety of effects on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> that may be related to the disease state and the interaction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nNOS<\/jats:styled-content> neurons. Regardless, L\u2010glutamine reduced the size of tumors and also tumor\u2010induced cachexia that was not due to altered food intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are significant effects on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> in the Walker 256 tumor model. Although supplementation with L\u2010glutamine has differential and complex effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content>, it reduces tumor size and tumor\u2010associated cachexia, which supports its beneficial therapeutic role in cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T11:10:39Z","timestamp":1446549039000},"page":"101-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Walker 256 tumor\u2010bearing rats demonstrate altered interstitial cells of Cajal. Effects on <scp>ICC<\/scp> in the Walker 256 tumor model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Fracaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morfological Sciences Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1 Maring\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. C. V.","family":"Frez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morfological Sciences Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1 Maring\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morfological Sciences Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1 Maring\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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