{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:45:40Z","timestamp":1780055140000,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003144","name":"Fonterra Co-Operative Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dysmotility in the gastrointestinal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>) tract often leads to impaired transit of luminal contents leading to symptoms of diarrhea or constipation. The aim of this research was to develop a technique using high resolution X\u2010ray imaging to study pharmacologically induced aged rat models of chronic<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>dysmotility that mimic accelerated transit (diarrhea) or constipation. The 5\u2010hydroxytryptamine type 4 (5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HT<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) receptor agonist prucalopride was used to accelerate transit, and the opioid agonist loperamide was used to delay transit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male rats (18 months) were given 0, 1, 2, or 4 mg\/kg\/day prucalopride or loperamide (in dimethyl sulfoxide,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DMSO<\/jats:styled-content>) for 7 days by continuous 7\u2010day dosing. To determine the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>region\u2010specific effect, transit of six metallic beads was tracked over 12 h using high resolution X\u2010ray imaging. An established rating scale was used to classify<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>bead location<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and the distance beads had propagated from the caecum was confirmed postmortem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Loperamide (1 mg\/kg) slowed stomach emptying and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>transit at 9 and 12 h. Prucalopride (4 mg\/kg) did not significantly alter<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>transit scores, but at a dose of 4 mg\/kg beads had moved significantly more distal than the caecum in 12 h compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report a novel high\u2010resolution, non\u2010invasive, X\u2010ray imaging technique that provides new insights into<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GI<\/jats:styled-content>transit rates in live rats. The results demonstrate that loperamide slowed overall transit in aged rats, while prucalopride increased stomach emptying and accelerates colonic transit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T20:36:33Z","timestamp":1459456593000},"page":"1241-1251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Tracking gastrointestinal transit of solids in aged rats as pharmacological models of chronic dysmotility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"J. E.","family":"Dalziel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Nutrition &amp; Health Team Food &amp; Bio\u2010based Products Group AgResearch Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Nutrition &amp; Health Team Food &amp; Bio\u2010based Products Group AgResearch Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bercik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. J.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. J.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Nutrition &amp; Health Team Food &amp; Bio\u2010based Products Group AgResearch Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. E.","family":"Dunstan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Nutrition &amp; Health Team Food &amp; Bio\u2010based Products Group AgResearch Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Lloyd\u2010West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Mathematics and Statistics AgResearch Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. K.","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fonterra Co\u2010operative Group Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. W.","family":"Haggarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fonterra Co\u2010operative Group Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. C.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Nutrition &amp; Health Team Food &amp; Bio\u2010based Products Group AgResearch Palmerston North New Zealand"},{"name":"Riddet Institute Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand"},{"name":"Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200219070-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-8-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2014.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2013.14.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2007.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"919","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patients","volume":"10","author":"Roque MV","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2008.01245.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000213852"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.055566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i12.1391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/896162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.1307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2013.54.4.845"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i9.2065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.09.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Role of prucalopride, a serotonin (5\u2010HT4) receptor agonist, for the treatment of chronic constipation","volume":"3","author":"Wong BS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01087-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-10-95"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"DalzielJE YoungW BercikP SpencerNJ RyanLJ DunstanKE BurtonSE PetersJSet al.Tracking gastrointestinal transit in pharmacological models of chronic dysmotility in aged rats. Australasian Neurogastroenterology & Motility Association Meeting 2015 Adelaide Australia."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of [11C] prucalopride as a potential agonist PET ligand for the 5\u2010HT4 receptor","volume":"3","author":"Buiter HJC","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","volume-title":"Australian Public Assessment Report for Prucalopride","author":"Therapeutic Goods Administration","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1828"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-015-0253-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.176.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.4.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000197947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17554\/j.issn.2224-3992.2014.03.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(96)00029-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2007.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.5.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00041-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1987.tb00617.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S32684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(88)90024-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36468-7","article-title":"Morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat intestine in vivo","volume":"280","author":"Williams CL","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.01059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.5.713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.5.682"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00227.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12550"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fnmo.12824","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.12824","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/nmo.12824","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.12824","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T02:07:02Z","timestamp":1748830022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nmo.12824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nmo.12824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.12824","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-1925","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]}}}