{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T21:35:36Z","timestamp":1776893736728,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fecal incontinence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content>) is a common and socially disabling condition with obstetric trauma considered the principal etiological factor. This study aimed to systematically evaluate symptom presentation and anorectal function in both females and males with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred males (M) and 100 age\u2010matched females (F) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> presenting between 2012 and 2014 were identified from a prospectively collected database. Comparison of clinical (history, symptom profile, and severity using validated questionnaires) and anorectal physiological (manometry, rectal sensory testing, endoanal ultrasonography, and evacuation proctography) data between M and F was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidence of prior anal surgery (M: 28% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 18%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.13) and abdominal surgery (M: 25% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 26%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.90) was similar between sexes, but females had a higher incidence of previous pelvic surgery (M: 4% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 47%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Eighty\u2010five females were parous and 75% reported history of traumatic vaginal delivery. There was a trend toward higher St Mark's incontinence scores in females (mean \u00b1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>; M: 13 \u00b1 4 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 14 \u00b1 5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.06). In men, structural sphincter abnormalities were uncommon (M: 37% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 77%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), while impaired rectal sensation (M: 24% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and functional disturbances of evacuation (M: 36% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 13%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) were more common than in women. No abnormality on all tests performed was observed in twice as many males (M: 18% <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> F: 9%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.10).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pathophysiological mechanisms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> differ between sexes. Anal sphincter dysfunction was an uncommon finding in males, with impaired rectal sensation and functional disturbances of evacuation much more prominent than in the female cohort. These findings are likely to impact options for symptom management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]],"date-time":"2016-05-23T18:16:25Z","timestamp":1464027385000},"page":"1580-1588","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Pathophysiology of fecal incontinence differs between men and women: a case\u2010matched study in 200 patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"D. C.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9467-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. V.","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Burgell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Y. J.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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