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Despite evidence pointing to a role for sex hormones in the onset or exacerbation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms, the mechanism by which ovarian hormones may predispose women to develop <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content> remains largely undefined. On the other hand, there is a growing body of research showing a correlation between reports of early life stress (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELS<\/jats:styled-content>) and the diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>. Current treatments available for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content> patients target symptom relief including abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits, but are not directed to the etiology of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To better understand the mechanisms by which sex hormones and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELS<\/jats:styled-content> contribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>, animal models have been developed to mirror complex human experiences allowing for longitudinal studies that investigate the lifelong consequences of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELS<\/jats:styled-content>. These preclinical models have been successful in recapitulating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced visceral pain. Moreover, in female rats the influence of cycling hormones on visceral hypersensitivity resembles that seen in women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>. Such studies suggest that rodent models of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELS<\/jats:styled-content> may serve as pivotal tools in determining (i) the etiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>, (ii) novel future treatments for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>, and (iii) improving individualized patient care. The current review aims to shed light on the progress and the challenges observed by clinicians within the field of gastroenterology and the preclinical science aimed at addressing those challenges in an effort to understand and more efficiently treat functional gastrointestinal disorders (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s) in both children and adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T11:14:48Z","timestamp":1464866088000},"page":"1290-1305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Neurobiology of early life stress and visceral pain: translational relevance from animal models to patient care"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"D. 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