{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:16:18Z","timestamp":1790914578777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK073983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK073983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK073975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK073975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK073985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK073985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK074007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK074007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK073974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK073974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK074008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK074008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal studies have increasingly highlighted the role of macrophages in the development of delayed gastric emptying. However, their role in the pathophysiology of human gastroparesis is unclear. Our aim was to determine changes in macrophages and other cell types in the gastric antrum muscularis propria of patients with diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Full thickness gastric antrum biopsies were obtained from patients enrolled in the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (11 diabetic, 6 idiopathic) and 5 controls. Immunolabeling and quantitative assessment was done for interstitial cells of Cajal (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content>) (Kit), enteric nerves protein gene product 9.5, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase), overall immune cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>45) and anti\u2010inflammatory macrophages (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>206). Gastric emptying was assessed using nuclear medicine scintigraphy and symptom severity using the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis patients showed loss of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> as compared to controls (Mean [standard error of mean]\/hpf: diabetic, 2.28 [0.16]; idiopathic, 2.53 [0.47]; controls, 6.05 [0.62]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.004). Overall immune cell population (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>45) was unchanged but there was a loss of anti\u2010inflammatory macrophages (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>206) in circular muscle (diabetic, 3.87 [0.32]; idiopathic, 4.16 [0.52]; controls, 6.59 [1.09]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.04) and myenteric plexus (diabetic, 3.83 [0.27]; idiopathic, 3.59 [0.68]; controls, 7.46 [0.51]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.004). There was correlation between the number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>206\u2010positive cells (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=.55, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.008). Enteric nerves (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGP<\/jats:styled-content>9.5) were unchanged: diabetic, 33.64 (3.45); idiopathic, 41.26 (6.40); controls, 46.80 (6.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Loss of antral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>206\u2010positive anti\u2010inflammatory macrophages is a key feature in human gastroparesis and it is associates with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICC<\/jats:styled-content> loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T05:06:46Z","timestamp":1483938406000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis is associated with loss of <scp>CD<\/scp>206\u2010positive macrophages in the gastric antrum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Grover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric NeuroScience Program Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric NeuroScience Program Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Pasricha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. P.","family":"Parkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temple University  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric NeuroScience Program Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Tonascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. L.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University  Winston\u2010Salem NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. W.","family":"McCallum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University  El Paso TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Sarosiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University  El Paso TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. L.","family":"Hasler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. A. B.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University  Palo Alto CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. L.","family":"Abell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville  Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Snape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric NeuroScience Program Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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