{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1773285594277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01DK068158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01DK068158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development of pharyngo\u2010esophageal protective reflexes among infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content>) is unclear. Our aim was to distinguish these reflexes from controls and examine the maturational changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated 14 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> infants (seven males) at 41.4\u00b10.6 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> Time\u20101) and 46.5\u00b10.6 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> Time\u20102) weeks postmenstrual age (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMA<\/jats:styled-content>). Seven controls (three males) were evaluated at 43.5\u00b11.3\u00a0weeks <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMA<\/jats:styled-content>. Graded pharyngeal stimulation with liquids (0.1, 0.3, 0.5\u00a0mL in triplicate) concurrent with high\u2010resolution manometry was used to analyze sensory\u2010motor components of pharyngeal reflexive swallowing (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRS<\/jats:styled-content>), upper esophageal sphincter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UES<\/jats:styled-content>), contractile reflex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PUCR<\/jats:styled-content>), and esophageal body characteristics. Linear mixed and generalized estimating equation models were used for comparison among groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to controls, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> infants (Time\u20101 and Time\u20102) exhibited decreased number of pharyngeal peaks and latency to terminal swallow. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> Time\u20101 infants showed increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UES<\/jats:styled-content> resting tone and distal latency, compared to controls and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> Time\u20102. Contractile vigor was increasingly abnormal during maturation, compared to healthy controls. Threshold volumes and frequency distribution of primary responses (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRS<\/jats:styled-content>:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> PUCR<\/jats:styled-content>: None) were not significant among all groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to controls, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> infants display significant hypertonicity of skeletal muscle components, impairment of pharyngeal provocation\u2010induced reflexes and smooth muscle contractile vigor, reflecting poor propagation with maturation. These mechanisms may be responsible for inadequate clearance of secretions, ascending refluxate, and oropharyngeal bolus in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIE<\/jats:styled-content> infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T06:12:44Z","timestamp":1488521564000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pharyngeal stimulus\u2010induced reflexes are impaired in infants with perinatal asphyxia: Does maturation modify?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"P. S.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus and the Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. K.","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus and the Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. R.","family":"Shubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sitaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sivalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Hasenstab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"El\u2010Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. R.","family":"Jadcherla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Infant Feeding Disorders Program The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus and the Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus OH USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus and the Ohio State University Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: preliminary data for 2012","volume":"62","author":"Hamilton BE","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Births: final data for 2011","volume":"62","author":"Martin JA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200307000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199603000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2008.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300914"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcps050929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.04.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00204.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00307.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.929199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"Radiation\u2010associated meningioma in the elderly: development of meningioma with olfactory neuroblastoma recurrence 10\u00a0years after irradiation","volume":"43","author":"Johnson MD","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.00999.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12748"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00307.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70294-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200211000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-0989-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Neurology of the Newborn","author":"Volpe JJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00350.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.3.2.025006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.4.1.011004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04318.x"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; 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