{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:45:26Z","timestamp":1793083526521,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eating and drinking are enjoyable activities that positively impact on an individual's quality of life. The ability to swallow food and fluid is integral to the process of eating. Swallowing occupies a dual role being both part of the enjoyment of eating and being a critically important utilitarian activity to enable adequate nutrition and hydration. Any impairment to the process of swallowing can negatively affect a person's perception of their quality of life. The process of swallowing is highly complex and involves muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. The oropharynx is the anatomical region encompassing the oral cavity and the pharynx. Food must be masticated, formed into a bolus and transported to the pharynx by the tongue whereas fluids are usually held within the mouth before being transported ab\u2010orally. The bolus must then be transported through the pharynx to the esophagus without any matter entering the larynx. The muscles needed for all these steps are coordinated by swallowing centers within the brainstem which are supplied with sensory information by afferent nerve fibers from several cranial nerves. The swallowing centers also receive modulatory input from higher centers within the brain. Hence, a swallow has both voluntary and involuntary physiologic components and the term dysphagia is given to difficult swallowing while oropharyngeal dysphagia is difficult swallowing due to pathology within the oropharynx.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Problems affecting any point along the complex swallowing pathway can result in dysphagia. This review focuses on the anatomy and physiology behind normal and abnormal oropharyngeal swallowing. It also details the common diseases and pathology causing oropharyngeal dysphagia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,26]],"date-time":"2017-05-26T00:26:39Z","timestamp":1495758399000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["The anatomy and physiology of normal and abnormal swallowing in oropharyngeal dysphagia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2050-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Sasegbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology School of Medical Sciences University of Manchester Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC))  Salford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology School of Medical Sciences University of Manchester Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC))  Salford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533609332005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03664.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","article-title":"World gastroenterology organisation practice guidelines: world gastroenterology organisation","author":"Malagelada J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/818979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.929"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70144-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2002.02851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.766787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Clinically Oriented Anatomy","author":"Moore K","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","article-title":"Clinical disorders of the upper esophageal sphincter","author":"Cook I","year":"2006","journal-title":"GI Motility Online"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90288-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"G911","article-title":"Videoradiographic, manometric, and electromyographic analysis of canine upper esophageal sphincter","volume":"260","author":"Lang IM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","article-title":"Electromyography in oral and pharyngeal motor disorders","author":"Perlman A","year":"2006","journal-title":"GI Motility online"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"G675","article-title":"Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing","volume":"258","author":"Dantas RO","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3705.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-011-9325-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","article-title":"Physiology of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal motility","author":"Goyal RK","year":"2006","journal-title":"GI Motility online"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.929"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200110000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90168-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00232203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90323-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"Nucleus of the solitary tract","author":"Jean A","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.4.1917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","article-title":"Head and neck disorders affecting swallowing","author":"McCulloch T","year":"2006","journal-title":"GI Motility Online."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.153.6.1197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009582"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004550010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-012-9426-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-013-9459-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1989.257.5.G748"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00189.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.6.162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.3.466"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.084715"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01875.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Dementia and dysphagia","volume":"29","author":"Easterling CS","year":"2008","journal-title":"GeriatrNurs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","article-title":"Neurological disorders affecting oral, pharyngeal swallowing","author":"Daniels SK","year":"2006","journal-title":"GI Motility online."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6595.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","unstructured":"BalzerKM.Drug\u2010Induced Dysphagia: International Journal of MS Care. 2015http:\/\/ijmsc.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.7224\/1537-2073-2.1.40. Accessed July 10 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182402dd1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","unstructured":"BardachJ SalyerKE.Surgical Techniques in Cleft Lip and Palate.1991. p. 224\u201073."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(05)70069-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2004.00850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2354.2003.00376.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb01485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940211100702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/1.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4812740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2000000300029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-56872007000200010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.01.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2016.43.2.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318184c905"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-006-9032-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417906"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-003-0006-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-011-0175-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Current evaluation of the dysphagic patient","volume":"13","author":"Karkos PD","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200305000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210100206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199401000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.84918"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac4441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.06.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1686-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","article-title":"Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motility disorders","author":"Massey B","year":"2006","journal-title":"GI Motility Online"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Comparison of disordered swallowing patterns in patients with recurrent cortical\/subcortical stroke and first\u2010time brainstem stroke","volume":"37","author":"Han DS","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.043281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566584"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.3.707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02586.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-014-9542-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.1.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820050515403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2009.06.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2010.522595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","unstructured":"SasegbonA O'SheaL DarkP HamdyS.Association between acute sepsis and oropharyngeal dysphagia in a hospitalised elderly population.\u00a02016."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90001-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.6.848"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2005.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/50A.5.M257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-012-9407-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.11.M634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/41.6.732"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls225"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","first-page":"G389","article-title":"Influence of normal aging on oral\u2010pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter function during swallowing","volume":"268","author":"Shaw DW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","first-page":"1518","article-title":"Augmentation of deglutitive upper esophageal sphicter opening in the elderly by exercise","volume":"1","author":"Shaker R","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2011.01182.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181fd66e5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b6ef67"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328352694f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training and physical training for reducing neuromuscular dysfunction in critically ill adults in intensive care units (Protocol)","author":"Bezerra A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Libr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0772-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00205-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Muscle wasting in disease: molecular mechanisms and promising therapies","volume":"14","author":"Cohen S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_1","first-page":"598","article-title":"Neurologic Complications of Sepsis","volume":"20","author":"Hocker SE","year":"2014","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70053-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1196-1217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70079-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70081-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270817"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.10.020"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fnmo.13100","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.13100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T05:25:40Z","timestamp":1695965140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nmo.13100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nmo.13100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13100","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-1925","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]},"article-number":"e13100"}}