{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:06:58Z","timestamp":1790492818868,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Galvani Bioelectronics"},{"name":"MSCA-ITN","award":["641665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["641665"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vagus nerve stimulation is currently clinically evaluated as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. However, the mechanism by which this therapeutic intervention can have an immune\u2010regulatory effect in colitis remains unclear. We determined the effect of intestine\u2010specific vagotomy or intestine\u2010specific sympathectomy of the superior mesenteric nerve (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) on dextran sodium sulfate (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      )\u2010induced colitis in mice. Furthermore, we tested the efficacy of therapeutic\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      stimulation to treat\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010induced colitis in rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vagal and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      fibers were surgically dissected to achieve intestine\u2010specific vagotomy and sympathectomy. Chronic\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      stimulation was achieved by implantation of a cuff electrode. Stimulation was done twice daily for 5\u00a0minutes using a biphasic pulse (10\u00a0Hz, 200\u00a0\u03bcA, 2\u00a0ms). Disease activity index (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) was used as a clinical parameter for colitis severity. Colonic cytokine expression was measured by quantitative\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intestine\u2010specific vagotomy had no effect on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010induced colitis in mice. However,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      sympathectomy caused a significantly higher\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      compared to sham\u2010operated mice. Conversely,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      stimulation led to a significantly improved\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      compared to sham stimulation, although no other parameters of colitis were affected significantly.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results indicate that sympathetic innervation regulates the intestinal immune system as\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      denervation augments, and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      stimulation ameliorates\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010induced colitis. Surprisingly, intestine\u2010specific vagal nerve denervation had no effect in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010induced colitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T09:32:42Z","timestamp":1501061562000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Neuronal control of experimental colitis occurs via sympathetic intestinal innervation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"R. A.","family":"Willemze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Welting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. P.","family":"van Hamersveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. H. A","family":"Folgering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brains On\u2010Line B.V. Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Darwinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brains On\u2010Line B.V. Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Witherington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galvani Bioelectronics Stevenage UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galvani Bioelectronics Stevenage UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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