{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:15:50Z","timestamp":1790810150899,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intestinal mucosa plays an important role in the mechanical barrier against pathogens. During <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, however, the parasites invade the epithelial cells of the small intestine and initiate a local immune response. In the submucosal plexus, this response promotes an imbalance of neurotransmitters and induces neuroplasticity, which can change the integrity of the epithelium and its secretory function. This study evaluated the submucosal neurons throughout acute <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection and the relationship between possible alterations and the epithelial and immune defense cells of the mucosa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n\u00a0=\u00a05): 1 control group, uninfected, and 7 groups infected with an inoculation of 5000 sporulated <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> oocysts (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ME<\/jats:styled-content>\u201049 strain, genotype <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>). Segments of the ileum were collected for standard histological processing, histochemical techniques, and immunofluorescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The infection caused progressive neuronal loss in the submucosal general population and changed the proportion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content>ergic neurons throughout the infection periods. These changes may be related to the observed reduction in goblet cells that secret sialomucins and increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes after 24\u00a0hours, and the increase in immune cells in the lamina propria after 10\u00a0days of infection. The submucosa also presented fibrogenesis, characterizing injury and tissue repair.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>The acute <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in the ileum of rats changes the proportion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content>ergic neurons and the epithelial cells, which can compromise the mucosal defense during infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T15:27:02Z","timestamp":1513870022000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> promotes changes in <scp>VIP<\/scp>ergic submucosal neurons, mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and goblet cells during acute infection in the ileum of rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7540-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. C. L.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2683-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. C. P.","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3074-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. R.","family":"Trevizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. B.","family":"G\u00f3is","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2534-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. C.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Beraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. L.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Londrina  Londrina Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6116-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. M. G.","family":"Sant'Ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences State University of Maring\u00e1  Maring\u00e1 Paran\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-7990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. 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