{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:17:11Z","timestamp":1775042231213,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010coeliac gluten\u2010sensitivity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCGS<\/jats:styled-content>) has been proposed as a new entity with unknown prevalence and mechanisms, and there is a need for a standardized procedure to confirm the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to characterize the response to an oral gluten\u2010challenge in patients with a symptom\u2010relief when following a gluten free\u2010diet (GFD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty patients (14F\/6M, age range: 21\u201062\u00a0years) with suspected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCGS<\/jats:styled-content>, without coeliac disease and wheat\u2010allergy, were included while on a gluten\u2010free diet. All patients went through four periods of double\u2010blinded provocation, two with gluten and two with placebo in randomized order. They consumed two muffins a day (11\/0\u00a0g gluten) for 4\u00a0days, followed by a 3\u2010day wash\u2010out. Gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded with questionnaires at baseline and after each provocation. We also investigated whether patients were able to correctly identify periods with gluten\u2010exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collectively the whole group reported the most severe symptoms after placebo (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.012). Four out of twenty patients correctly identified the two periods when they received gluten, hence were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCGS<\/jats:styled-content>. The diagnosed\u2010group tended to show higher symptom scores than the not\u2010diagnosed group both at baseline, after gluten exposure and after placebo, but no clear difference was seen between provocation with gluten and placebo. The not\u2010diagnosed group showed more severe symptoms with placebo than with gluten (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.029).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study showed that the majority of patients with suspected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCGS<\/jats:styled-content> are not able to identify when challenged with gluten in a double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled food challenge, indicating that gluten is not the cause of their symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T13:57:11Z","timestamp":1521122231000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The effect of a controlled gluten challenge in a group of patients with suspected non\u2010coeliac gluten sensitivity: A randomized, double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled challenge"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0710-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. F.","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"Hatlebakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"National Centre of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Hovdenak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. O.","family":"Ystad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"National Centre of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. A.","family":"Lied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"National Centre of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5103839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02093778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000026318.81635.3b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Chronic fatigue in patients with unexplained self\u2010reported food hypersensitivity and irritable bowel syndrome: validation of a Norwegian translation of the Fatigue Impact Scale","volume":"6","author":"Lind R","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000430090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.08.017"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fnmo.13332","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.13332","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T22:35:57Z","timestamp":1694990157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nmo.13332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nmo.13332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13332","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-1925","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]]},"article-number":"e13332"}}