{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T04:58:02Z","timestamp":1786769882424,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]],"date-time":"2018-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brain-Gut Research Group, Bern, Switzerland","award":["Internal funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internal funding"]}]},{"name":"Forschungsstftung Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland","award":["Hospital foundation research grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hospital foundation research grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breath tests are used as measures of sugar intolerance or malabsorption in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), although the repeatability or anticipatory bias have not been adequately studied. We examined the repeatability and anticipatory bias during fructose breath testing using a nocebo\u2010controlled, randomized, cross\u2010over, and double\u2010blind study design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastrointestinal symptoms and breath concentrations of hydrogen and methane were documented during breath tests with fructose (given open twice and blinded once), water (blind neutral nocebo) and a cyclamate\/saccharine sweetener (blind sweet nocebo) on 5\u00a0days in patients with FGID. Repeatability of fructose breath tests (16 patients) and differences between open and blinded substrate groups (31 patients) was assessed using thresholds for intolerance and malabsorption, and areas\u2010under\u2010the\u2010curve (AUC) of symptoms and breath gas concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fructose breath tests showed moderate repeatability for intolerance status (absolute agreement 87%, kappa 0.72), but limited repeatability for malabsorber status (absolute agreement 53%, kappa 0.05). Repeatability of AUCs of GI symptoms, hydrogen and methane breath concentrations was moderate (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.70, 0.57, and 0.57, respectively). There were no significant differences between open and blinded fructose breath tests in intolerance or malabsorber status, or in AUCs of GI symptoms, hydrogen and methane concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fructose breath tests showed moderate repeatability for intolerance status and for AUCs of symptoms and gas concentrations, lying within the range of accepted gastrointestinal sensory and transit tests. Repeatability for malabsorption status was inadequate and requires revisiting. The fructose breath test can be used unblinded in FGID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T06:29:51Z","timestamp":1541399391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Repeatability and effect of blinding of fructose breath tests in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive H.","family":"Wilder\u2010Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain\u2010Gut Research Group Gastroenterology Group Practice Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren S.","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Materna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain\u2010Gut Research Group Gastroenterology Group Practice Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asbj\u00f8rn M.","family":"Drewes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i24.7587"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methodology and indications of H2\u2010breath testing in gastrointestinal diseases: the Rome Consensus Conference","volume":"29","author":"Gasbarrini A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7992.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00322.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.10.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80121-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616657978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"NIH consensus development conference statement: lactose intolerance and health","volume":"27","author":"Suchy FJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"NIH Consens State Sci Statements"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"All Roads Lead to Rome: Update on Rome III Criteria and New Treatment Options","volume":"1","author":"Shih DQ, Kwan LY.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_211.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12249"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; 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