{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:57:36Z","timestamp":1766451456012,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK078736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK078736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The internal anal sphincter (IAS) exhibits slow waves (SWs) and tone that are dependent upon L\u2010type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels (Cav<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>) suggesting that phasic events (ie, SWs) play a fundamental role in tone generation. The present study further examined phasic activity in the IAS by measuring the spatiotemporal properties of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transients (CTs) in IAS smooth muscle cells (SMCs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transients were recorded with spinning disk confocal microscopy from the IAS of SM\u2010GCaMP mice. Muscles were pinned submucosal surface up at two different lengths. Drugs were applied by inclusion in the superfusate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transients displayed ongoing rhythmic firings at both lengths and were abolished by nifedipine and the K<jats:sub>ATP<\/jats:sub> channel activator pinacidil indicating their dependence upon Cav<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>. Like SWs, CTs were greatest in frequency (average 70.6\u00a0cpm) and amplitude at the distal extremity and conducted proximally. Removal of the distal IAS reduced but did not abolish CTs. The time constant for clearing cytoplasmic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> averaged 0.46\u00a0seconds and basal Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> levels were significantly elevated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>The similarities in spatiotemporal and pharmacological properties of CTs and SWs suggest that SW gives rise to CTs while muscle stretch is not required. Elevated relative basal Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in the IAS is likely due to the inability of cells to clear or sequester Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> between rapid frequency voltage\u2010dependent Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> entry events, that is, conditions that will lead to tone development. The conduction of CTs from distal to proximal IAS will lead to orally directed contractions and likely contribute to the maintenance of fecal continence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T08:37:36Z","timestamp":1571387856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rhythmic calcium transients in smooth muscle cells of the mouse internal anal sphincter"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2871-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline A.","family":"Cobine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Cell Biology University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine Reno NV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen I.","family":"Hannigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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