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LPS\u2010stimulated group (n\u00a0=\u00a04); LPS\u2010 and urocortin 2\u2010treated group (n\u00a0=\u00a04); LPS\u2010 and acotiamide\u2010treated group (n\u00a0=\u00a04); and LPS\u2010, urocortin 2\u2010, and acotiamide\u2010treated group (n\u00a0=\u00a04). CD68\u2010, CCR2\u2010, and corticotropin\u2010releasing hormone receptor type 2 (CRHR2)\u2010positive cells were assessed by immunostaining. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured. TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, and IL\u20104 levels were measured by ELISA method. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit time were determined using Evans blue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Central administration of Ucn 2 significantly aggravated infiltrations of CD68\u2010 and CCR2\u2010positive cells in the intestinal mucosa of LPS\u2010stimulated rat models compared to those in LPS treatment alone. Interestingly, acotiamide treatment significantly reduced the migrations of both CD68\u2010 and CCR2\u2010positive cells in the jejunum of central Ucn 2\u2010treated LPS\u2010stimulated rat models. Acotiamide significantly reduced the expression levels of IkB\u2010\u03b1 phosphorylation in LPS\u2010 and MCP\u20101\u2010stimulated NR8383 cells. Central administration of Ucn 2 significantly delayed gastric emptying. In contrast, Ucn 2 stimulation significantly reduced TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20106 productions in LPS\u2010stimulated NR8383 cells and astressin B reversed the inhibition of TNF\u2010\u03b1 production in stimulated NR8383 cells. Acotiamide (30\u00a0\u03bcmol\/L) significantly reduced TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20106 productions in LPS\u2010 and MCP\u20101\u2010stimulated NR8383 cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Central and in vitro treatments of Ucn 2 affected intestinal inflammatory responses, respectively, and acotiamide improved them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T09:41:24Z","timestamp":1581068484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Acotiamide attenuates central urocortin 2\u2010induced intestinal inflammatory responses, and urocortin 2 treatment reduces TNF\u2010\u03b1 productions in LPS\u2010stimulated macrophage cell 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