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We aimed to determine normative GEBT ranges in a cohort of healthy children and examine the influence of age, gender, puberty, and body surface area (BSA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy children ages 8\u201318\u00a0years completed the [<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]\u2010<jats:italic>Spirulina platensis<\/jats:italic> GEBT after an overnight fast. Breath samples were collected at baseline, every 15\u00a0min\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01\u00a0h, then every 30\u00a0min for 4\u00a0h total. The <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> excretion rate was determined by the change in <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> over time in each breath sample, expressed as kPCD (Percent <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C Dose excreted\/min). A mixed model with random time was used for multivariable analysis and outcome fit into a quadratic model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 100 subjects completed the test meal within allotted time. Median (IQR) age was 13.5 (11.3\u201315.5) years; 51% were female. Females had lower <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> excretion rates (slower GE) than males across time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) while decreased excretion rates correlated with higher BSA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.015). Gender differences were also noted within pubertal stages with females showing slower GE. Multivariable analysis suggested that pre\u2010pubertal children have faster GE than both peri\u2010 and post\u2010pubertal groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gender, puberty, and BSA influence GE rates in healthy children more than age. Although further data are needed, pubertal stage and hormonal influences may be unique factors to consider when assessing GE in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T23:43:43Z","timestamp":1607643823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gastric emptying in healthy children using the <i>Spirulina<\/i> breath test: The impact of gender, body size, and pubertal development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2520-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Kovacic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Health Sciences Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melodee","family":"Nugent Liegl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Health Sciences Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Pawela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pippa","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative Health Sciences Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manu R.","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"e13780","article-title":"Update on pediatric gastroparesis: a review of the published literature and recommendations for future research","volume":"18","author":"Kovacic K","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol & Motil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13699"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12845"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-010-2579-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.2.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199608000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90640-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Specific 13C functional pathways as diagnostic targets in gastroenterology breath\u2010tests: tricks for a correct interpretation","volume":"17","author":"Pizzoferrato M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12499"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S746","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(11)63104-1","article-title":"Gastroparesis in children. 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