{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:51:22Z","timestamp":1766587882904,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Papaya is a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal complaints in the folk medicine. On this basis, papain, a cysteine protease of the fruit, is sold as a nutritional supplement, although scientific data on its effects in the gastrointestinal tract are lacking. We aimed to explore the effect of papain on gastric motility <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Guinea pig antrum and corpus strips were mounted in organ bath.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Papain reversibly increased the amplitude of ongoing phasic contractions in both circular and longitudinal antrum strips without having an effect on the frequency or on the muscle tone. All three tested doses of papain (end cc.: 12.5\u00a0mg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 50\u00a0mg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 100\u00a0mg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were similarly effective. Contrarily, in the corpus circular and longitudinal muscle strips, papain caused a dose\u2010dependent relaxation, which was preceded by a transient contraction in most tissues. The effect was resistant to tetrodotoxin (1\u00a0\u00b5M), but diminished by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (4.5\u00a0\u00b5M) in both regions. In the corpus, L\u2010NAME (100\u00a0\u00b5M) and the protease\u2010activated receptor (PAR)\u20101 antagonist SCH79797 (5\u00a0\u00b5M) or the PAR\u20102 antagonist GB 83 (3\u00a0\u00b5M) did not change the effect of papain significantly. This demonstrates that the effects of papain are not neurally mediated and nitrergic pathways are not involved in the mechanism. The effects are linked to the enzymatic activity, but not executed via PAR\u20101 or 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Papain alters gastric motility in a region\u2010specific manner, which could at least partly explain its claimed beneficial effects in functional gastrointestinal disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T12:51:39Z","timestamp":1615553499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Region\u2010specific effects of the cysteine protease papain on gastric motility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Annah\u00e1zi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Human Biology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Human Biology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1007-9843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Human Biology Technical University of Munich Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Papaya preparation (Caricol\u00ae) in digestive disorders","volume":"34","author":"Muss C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"364","article-title":"Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of papaya (Carica papaya Linn.)","volume":"7","author":"Krishna KL","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rad"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20171653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0974-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a518f0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X81000275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0197"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of unienzyme MPS\u2010 A multienzyme preparation with simethicone in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia","volume":"135","author":"Banka N","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian Medical Gazette"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1327841"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.185744"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00173-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00548.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-32130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132000000500009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018384"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Papain reduces gastric acid secretion induced by histamine and other secretagogues in anesthetized rats","volume":"8","author":"Cho CH","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Absorption of a proteolytic enzyme originating from plants out of the gastro\u2010intestinal tract into blood and lymph of rats (author's transl)","volume":"17","author":"Seifert J","year":"1979","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)70490-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35156-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Gastrointestinal absorption and biological activities of serine and cysteine proteases of animal and plant origin: review on absorption of serine and cysteine proteases","volume":"4","author":"Lorkowski G","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Oral bioavailability of proteolytic enzymes","volume":"42","author":"Kolac C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Europ J Pharma Biopharm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.08.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01796-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2019.05.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"G139","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of undegraded proteins in men: presence of bromelain in plasma after oral intake","volume":"273","author":"Castell JV","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"The increased proteolytic activity of human blood serum after the oral administration of bromelain","volume":"22","author":"Miller J","year":"1964","journal-title":"Exp Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Quantitative untersuchungen zur resorption von trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, papain und pankreatin aus dem magen\u2010darm\u2010trakt nach oraler applikation","volume":"19","author":"Seifert J","year":"1990","journal-title":"Allgemeinarzt"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70180-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703839"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9084(88)90004-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193943"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.14105","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/nmo.14105","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.14105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T19:03:07Z","timestamp":1693335787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nmo.14105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nmo.14105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.14105","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1350-1925"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2982"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14105"}}