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The Chicago Classification version 4.0 recognizes two hypomotility disorders, ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and absent contractility, while fragmented peristalsis has been incorporated into the IEM definition. Updated criteria for ineffective swallows consist of weak esophageal body contraction vigor measured using distal contractile integral (DCI, 100\u2013450\u00a0mmHg\u00b7cm\u00b7s), transition zone defects &gt;5\u00a0cm measured using a 20\u00a0mmHg isobaric contour, or failure of peristalsis (DCI\u00a0&lt;\u00a0100\u00a0mmHg\u00b7cm\u00b7s). More than 70% ineffective swallows and\/or \u226550% failed swallows are required for a conclusive diagnosis of IEM. When the diagnosis is inconclusive (50%\u201370% ineffective swallows), supplementary evidence from multiple rapid swallows (absence of contraction reserve), barium radiography (abnormal bolus clearance), or HRM with impedance (abnormal bolus clearance) could support a diagnosis of IEM. Absent contractility requires 100% failed peristalsis, consistent with previous versions of the classification. Consideration needs to be given for the possibility of achalasia in absent contractility with dysphagia despite normal IRP, and alternate complementary tests (including timed upright barium esophagram and functional lumen imaging probe) are recommended to confirm or refute the presence of achalasia. Future research to quantify esophageal bolus retention on stationary HRM with impedance and to understand contraction vigor thresholds that predict bolus clearance will provide further refinement to diagnostic criteria for esophageal hypomotility disorders in future iterations of the Chicago Classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T03:30:53Z","timestamp":1616729453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Chicago Classification update (V4.0): Technical review on diagnostic criteria for ineffective esophageal motility and absent contractility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3388-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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