{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:18:01Z","timestamp":1792034281855,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002402","name":"Sun Yat-sen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) have been shown to have physiological and functional effects on brain excitability and motor behavior. Yet, little is known about their effects in the swallowing system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the effects and optimal stimulation parameters of tACS and tRNS for modulating excitability of human pharyngeal motor cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>10\u00a0Hz (alpha), 20\u00a0Hz (beta), 70\u00a0Hz (gamma) tACS, 0.1\u2013640\u00a0Hz (full\u2010spectrum) tRNS, and sham were applied over pharyngeal motor cortices at 1.5\u00a0mA current intensity for 10\u00a0min in 15 healthy participants. Pharyngeal motor\u2013evoked and thenar motor\u2013evoked potentials (PMEPs and TMEPs) were assessed before and up to 2\u00a0h after stimulation with single\u2010pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Averaged MEP amplitude and latency changes were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (rmANOVA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two\u2010way rmANOVA across all active interventions demonstrated a significant MEP interaction both in the stimulated pharyngeal cortex (F (4, 56)\u00a0=\u00a01.731, <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.038) and in the ipsilateral thenar cortex (F (4, 56)\u00a0=\u00a01.506, <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.048). Compared to sham, subsequent <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> tests showed site\u2010specific and sustained (60\u2013120\u00a0min) increases in PMEPs with gamma tACS and tRNS (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.005, <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.027, respectively) and for TMEPs with beta tACS (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.006).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that the effects of tACS and tRNS are frequency\u2010dependent and cortical (representation) site\u2010specific with both gamma tACS and full\u2010spectrum tRNS enhancing human pharyngeal cortical excitability. These techniques hold promise as potential treatments for neurological dysphagia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T10:11:22Z","timestamp":1622801482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exploring parameters of gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and full\u2010spectrum transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on human pharyngeal cortical excitability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Centre 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