{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:02:10Z","timestamp":1790928130148,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01BX002188\u201003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX002188\u201003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The central pathophysiological mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a female\u2010predominant gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and abnormal bowel habits, remain poorly understood. IBS patients often report that chronic stress exacerbates their symptoms. Brain imaging studies have revealed that the amygdala, a stress\u2010responsive brain region, of IBS patients is overactive when compared to healthy controls. Previously, we demonstrated that downregulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) underlies stress\u2010induced visceral hypersensitivity in female rats. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate in the CeA of female rats whether chronic water avoidance stress (WAS) alters DNA methylation of the GR exon 1<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub> promoter region, a region homologous to the human GR promoter. As histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are able to change DNA methylation, we also evaluated whether administration of the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) directly into the CeA prevented WAS\u2010induced increases in DNA methylation of the GR exon 1<jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub> promoter. We found that WAS increased overall and specific CpG methylation of the GR promoter in the CeA of female rats, which persisted for up to 28\u00a0days. Administration of the TSA directly into the CeA prevented these stress\u2010induced changes of DNA methylation at the GR promoter. Our results suggest that, in females, changes in DNA methylation are involved in the regulation of GR expression in the CeA. These changes in DNA methylation may contribute to the central mechanisms responsible for stress\u2010induced visceral hypersensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T06:35:18Z","timestamp":1649745318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chronic stress increases DNA methylation of the GR promoter in the central nucleus of the amygdala of female rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijs","family":"Louwies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center  Oklahoma City Oklahoma 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