{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:43:24Z","timestamp":1765889004915,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eating difficulties are common in high\u2010risk neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants; mechanisms remain unclear. Crib\u2010side pharyngo\u2010esophageal motility testing is utilized to assess contiguous swallowing physiology, and cross\u2010system interplay with cardio\u2010respiratory rhythms. Aims were to: (1) identify whether distinct pharyngeal rhythms exist during oral milk challenge (OMC), and (2) develop a chronic tube feeding risk prediction model in high\u2010risk infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Symptomatic NICU infants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a056, 29.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7\u2009weeks birth gestation) underwent pharyngo\u2010esophageal manometry with OMC at 40.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Exploratory cluster data analysis (partitioning around k\u2010medoids) was performed to identify patient groups using pharyngeal contractile rhythm data (solitary swallows and swallows within bursts). Subsequently, (a) pharyngeal\u2010esophageal, cardio\u2010respiratory, and eating method characteristics were compared among patient groups using linear mixed models, and (b) chronic tube feeding prediction model was created using linear regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three distinct patient groups were identified with validity score of 0.6, and termed sparse (high frequency of solitary swallows), intermediate, or robust (high swallow rate within bursts). Robust group infants had: lesser pharyngeal and esophageal variability, greater deglutition apnea, pharyngeal activity, and esophageal activity (all<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but less frequent heart rate decreases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with improved clinical outcomes (milk transfer rate,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, and independent oral feeding at discharge,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.03). Chronic tube feeding risk\u00a0=\u00a0\u221211.37\u2009+\u2009(0.22\u2009\u00d7\u2009PMA)\u2009+\u2009(\u22120.73\u2009\u00d7\u2009bronchopulmonary dysplasia)\u2009+\u2009(1.46\u2009\u00d7\u2009intermediate group)\u2009+\u2009(2.57\u2009\u00d7\u2009sparse group).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Robust pharyngeal rhythm may be an ideal neurosensorimotor biomarker of independent oral feeding. Differential maturation of cranial nerve\u2010mediated excitatory and inhibitory components involving foregut, airway, and cardiac rhythms distinguishes the physiologic and pathophysiologic basis of swallowing and cardio\u2010respiratory adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T14:07:05Z","timestamp":1668348425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharyngeal biorhythms during oral milk challenge in high\u2010risk infants: Do they predict chronic tube feeding?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Hasenstab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Infant Feeding Disorders Research Program, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio 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