{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:39:50Z","timestamp":1791830390644,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many studies have been published on disorders of the gut\u2013brain interaction (DGBI) in Asia and Western Europe, but no previous study has directly assessed the difference between the two regions. The aim was to compare the prevalence of DGBI in Asia and Western Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data collected in a population\u2010based Internet survey, the Rome Foundation Global Epidemiology Study, from countries in Western Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore). We assessed DGBI diagnoses (Rome IV Adult Diagnostic Questionnaire), anxiety\/depression (Patient Health Questionnaire\u20104, PHQ\u20104), non\u2010GI somatic symptoms (PHQ\u201012), and access to and personal costs of doctor visits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 9487 subjects in Asia and 16,314 in Western Europe. Overall, 38.0% had at least one DGBI; younger age, female sex, and higher scores on PHQ4 and PHQ12 were all associated with DGBI. The prevalence of having at least one DGBI was higher in Western Europe than in Asia (39.1% vs 36.1%, OR 1.14 [95% CI 1.08\u20131.20]). This difference was also observed for DGBI by anatomical regions, most prominently esophageal DGBI (OR 1.67 [1.48\u20131.88]). After adjustment, the difference in DGBI prevalence diminished and psychological (PHQ\u20104) and non\u2010GI somatic symptoms (PHQ\u201012) had the greatest effect on the odds ratio estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of DGBI is generally higher in Western Europe compared to Asia. A considerable portion of the observed difference in prevalence rates seems to be explained by more severe psychological and non\u2010GI somatic symptoms in Western Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T12:16:30Z","timestamp":1679660190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A comparative study of disorders of gut\u2013brain interaction in Western Europe and Asia based on the Rome foundation global epidemiology study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0078-3063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann P.","family":"Hreinsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben K. M.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3206-6704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Tack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA) KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5220-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Whorwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Neurogastroenterology Unit Wythenshawe Hospital  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Benninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Andresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Israelitic Hospital  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1858-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Bonaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepato\u2010Gastroenterology University Hospital Grenoble Alpes  Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suck Chei","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Wonkwang University, School of Medicine  Iksan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico S.","family":"Corazziari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology. IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital  Rozzano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4798-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuro\u2010Immuno\u2010Gastroenterology Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2265-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin","family":"Fukudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoyori","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine  Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5600-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuicai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikant I.","family":"Bangdiwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ami D.","family":"Sperber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olafur S.","family":"Palsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Simr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00111-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.02.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.6.613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200203000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0074-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i33.4861"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; 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