{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:08:58Z","timestamp":1790716138222,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk are often attributed to lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy. However, some individuals without either condition still report gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk. This may be caused by gastric emptying (GE) rate or gastric protein coagulation. This study aimed to compare GE rate and protein coagulation after milk consumption between individuals reporting gastrointestinal symptoms and those without symptoms using a novel gastric MRI approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty women were included in this case\u2013control study, of whom 15 reported gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk and 15 were controls. Participants underwent gastric MRI before and up to 90\u2009min after consumption of 250\u2009mL cow's milk. Gastric content volume and image texture of the stomach contents were used to determine GE and changes in the degree of coagulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GE half\u2010time did not differ between the groups (gastrointestinal symptom group 66\u2009\u00b1\u200918\u2009min; control group 61\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u2009min, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.845). The gastrointestinal symptom group reported symptoms from 30\u2009min onwards and rated pain highest at 90\u2009min. The control group reported no symptoms. Image texture analyses showed a significantly higher percentage of coagulum and lower percentage of liquid in the group in the GI symptom group (MD 11%, 95% CI [3.9, 17], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). In\u00a0vitro data suggests that pH and proteolytic enzyme activity influence the coagulum structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastric milk coagulation and emptied fraction of stomach content may differ between individuals experiencing symptoms after milk consumption, possibly due to differences in pH and proteolytic enzyme activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T10:25:24Z","timestamp":1698229524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Milk coagulation and gastric emptying in women experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of cow's milk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise J. 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