{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:24:42Z","timestamp":1783664682290,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,24]],"date-time":"2024-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experimental research evaluating differences between the visceral and somatic stimulation is limited to pain and typically uses different induction methods for visceral and somatic stimulation (e.g., rectal balloon distention vs. tactile hand stimulation). Our study aimed to compare differences in response time, intensity, unpleasantness, and threat between identical electrical visceral and somatic stimulations at both painful and non\u2010painful perceptual thresholds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrical stimulation was applied to the wrist and distal esophagus in 20 healthy participants. A double pseudorandom staircase determined perceptual thresholds of Sensation, Discomfort, and Pain for the somatic and visceral stimulations, separately. Stimulus reaction time (ms, via button press), and intensity, unpleasantness, and threat ratings were recorded after each stimulus. General linear mixed models compared differences in the four outcomes by stimulation type, threshold, and the stimulation type\u2010by\u2010threshold interaction. Sigmoidal maximum effect models evaluated differences in outcomes across all delivered stimulation intensities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, visceral stimulations were perceived as more intense, threatening, and unpleasant compared to somatic stimulations, but participants responded faster to somatic stimulations. There was no significant interaction effect, but planned contrasts demonstrated differences at individual thresholds. Across all delivered intensities, higher intensity stimulations were needed to reach the half\u2010maximum effect of self\u2010reported intensity, unpleasantness, and threat ratings in the visceral domain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differences exist between modalities for both non\u2010painful and painful sensations. These findings may have implications for translating paradigms and behavioral treatments from the somatic domain to the visceral domain, though future research in larger clinical samples is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T05:34:10Z","timestamp":1711344850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Do we perceive sensations inside and outside of our body differently? Perceptual, emotional, and behavioral differences between visceral and somatic sensation, discomfort, and pain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2925-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Guadagnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Brain\u2010Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA) KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Hoffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Den\u00a0Hond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Brain\u2010Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA) KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwin","family":"Dreesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitri","family":"van\u00a0Ryckeghem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Science Maastricht University  Maastricht Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Experimental\u2010Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences University of Luxembourg  Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefaan","family":"Van\u00a0Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental\u2010Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences University of Hasselt  Hasselt Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuro\u2010 and Behavioral Sciences University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Van\u00a0Oudenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Brain\u2010Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders 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