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Causes include changes in lifestyle (e.g., diet and reduced exercise), disease and medications affecting gastrointestinal functions. Degenerative changes may also occur within the colo\u2010rectum. However, most evidence is from rodents, animals with relatively high rates of metabolism and accelerated aging, with considerable variation in time course. In humans, cellular and non\u2010cellular changes in the aging intestine are poorly investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine all available studies which reported the effects of aging on cellular and tissue functions of human isolated colon, noting the region studied, sex and age of tissue donors and study size. The focus on human colon reflects the ability to access full\u2010thickness tissue over a wide age range, compared with other gastrointestinal regions. Details are important because of natural human variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>We found age\u2010related changes within the muscle, in the enteric and nociceptor innervation, and in the submucosa. Some involve all regions of colon, but the ascending colon appears more vulnerable. Changes can be cell\u2010 and sublayer\u2010dependent. Mechanisms are unclear but may include development of \u201csenescent\u2010like\u201d and associated inflammaging, perhaps associated with increased mucosal permeability to harmful luminal contents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>In summary, reduced nociceptor innervation can explain diminished abdominal pain among the elderly. Degenerative changes within the colon wall may have little impact on symptoms and colonic functions, because of high \u201cfunctional reserve,\u201d but are likely to facilitate the development of constipation during age\u2010related challenges (e.g., lifestyle, disease, and medications), now operating against a reduced functional reserve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T01:19:51Z","timestamp":1718673591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The human colon: Evidence for degenerative changes during aging and the physiological consequences"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-2287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Baidoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Westminster  London 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