{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:55:09Z","timestamp":1788587709194,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients' report of bowel movement consistency is unreliable. We demonstrate the feasibility of long\u2010term automated stool image data collection using a novel Smart Toilet and evaluate a deterministic computer\u2010vision analytic approach to assess stool form according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our smart toilet integrates a conventional toilet bowl with an engineered portal to image feces in a predetermined region of the plumbing post\u2010flush. The smart toilet was installed in a workplace bathroom and used by six healthy volunteers. Images were annotated by three experts. A computer vision method based on deep learning segmentation and mathematically defined hand\u2010crafted features was developed to quantify morphological attributes of stool from images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>474 bowel movements images were recorded in total from six subjects over a mean period of 10\u2009months. 3% of images were rated abnormal with stool consistency BSFS 2 and 4% were BSFS 6. Our image analysis algorithm leverages interpretable morphological features and achieves classification of abnormal stool form with 94% accuracy, 81% sensitivity and 95% specificity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study supports the feasibility and accuracy of long\u2010term, non\u2010invasive automated stool form monitoring with the novel smart toilet system which can eliminate the patient burden of tracking bowel forms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T19:28:53Z","timestamp":1730489333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long\u2010term, automated stool monitoring using a novel smart toilet: A feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7980-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuying","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Centre for Gastrointestinal Physiology &amp; Motility  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0633-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia W.","family":"Darcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Lafata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose R.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Health System  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1734-2157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Grego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Coprata Inc.  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(22)62183-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14803-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3054390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0534-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3158886"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00592-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0321-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"KirillovA MintunE RaviN et\u00a0al.Segment anything.arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.026432023."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03254-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjonc-2023-000134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Business Market Insights \u201cNorth America Smart Toilet Market Forecast to 2028\u201d. 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