{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:34:16Z","timestamp":1774366456469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultra\u2010processed foods (UPFs) may lead to dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which significantly contributes to the development of disorders of gut\u2013brain interaction (DGBI). However, knowledge regarding the association of UPFs with DGBI is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association of UPFs with DGBI and its common subtypes in Iranian adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross\u2010sectional study, a total of 1892 adults were included. Dietary intake of participants was evaluated using a validated version of a dish\u2010based food frequency questionnaire, and UPFs were defined using the NOVA system classification. DGBI, including heartburn, functional dyspepsia (FD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), were examined using the ROME IV questionnaire. The odds of suffering from any DGBI and its subtypes across the tertiles of UPFs were assessed using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After controlling for potential confounders, being in the highest versus lowest tertile of UPFs consumption was associated with increased risk of DGBI (OR\u2009=\u20091.62; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.17) and IBS (OR\u2009=\u20091.89; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.55). However, UPFs consumption was not significantly associated with odds of FD and heartburn in the fully adjusted model. In stratified analysis by sex, females in the highest tertile of UPFs consumption had higher risks of DGBI, IBS, and FD than those in the lowest tertile. In males, in the fully adjusted model, no significant association was found between UPFs consumption and risk of DGBI and its subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher consumption of UPFs was significantly associated with an increased risk of total DGBI and IBS in Iranian adults. However, considering the limitations of the available evidence regarding processed foods and DGBI, further large\u2010scale prospective studies are needed to provide more data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T01:54:26Z","timestamp":1746669266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Association Between Ultra\u2010Processed Foods Consumption and Disorders of Gut\u2013Brain Interaction: The Isfahan Functional Disorders (<scp>ISFUN<\/scp>) Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Haghighatdoost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awat","family":"Feizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Hajihashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Ani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Roohafza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peyman","family":"Adibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0137-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00893-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022002038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1145762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2022.2125990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"A Dish\u2010Based Semi\u2010Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessment of Dietary Intakes in Epidemiologic Studies in Iran: Design and Development","volume":"5","author":"Keshteli A. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Validation of the Persian Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Elderly Population","volume":"13","author":"Chehri A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422423000240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"The Effects of the re\u2010Imposition of US Sanctions on Food Security in Iran","volume":"11","author":"Hejazi J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-022-00588-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017001379"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00604-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","article-title":"Impact of Western Diet and Ultra\u2010Processed Food on the Intestinal Mucus Barrier","volume":"11","author":"Stolfi C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12895"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Fast Foods \u2013 Are They a Risk Factor for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders?","volume":"25","author":"Shau J. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111419"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-022-00887-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effect of High Fat\u2010Diet and Obesity on Gastrointestinal Motility","volume":"1","author":"Al Mushref M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Translational Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","article-title":"Dietary Fibers and Their Fermented Short\u2010Chain Fatty Acids in Prevention of Human Diseases","author":"Prasad K. N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238816"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32115-2"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/nmo.70071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T04:04:36Z","timestamp":1760760276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nmo.70071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/nmo.70071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.70071","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-1925","1365-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-1925","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70071"}}