{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:14:45Z","timestamp":1789733685457,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The circadian rhythm regulates gastrointestinal motility. In humans and preclinical models, such as rodents, whole gut transit (WGT) is slower during the rest phase compared to the active phase. Investigators typically study GI transit in rodents during the day, which is their rest phase, rather than during the night, which is their active phase. A circadian rhythm reversal in which mice are in a dark room during the working day (reverse light) allows studies on nocturnal animals during their active phase and has been previously shown to reduce WGT time. GI motility is often disrupted in individuals with disorders of gut\u2013brain interaction (DGBI), which are female predominant. However, the effect of circadian rhythm on regional transit and sex dependence of the differences is not known, as most motility studies looking at circadian rhythm reversal are done in male mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested C57BL\/6 wild\u2010type male and female mice in rest (12\u2009h of light during the day) and active (reverse cycle for 2\u2009weeks: 12\u2009h of dark during the day) phases. We noted female estrous cycle by visual inspection. We performed carmine WGT by monitoring time\u2010lapse videos of pellet production. We performed fluorescence imaging of excised intestines 30\u2009min after gavage to assess percent fluorescence for each GI region and then examined small intestinal transit (SIT) by measuring geometric center and leading edge. For colonic transit, we monitored bead expulsion time from distal colon to anus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to rest phase, in the active phase, like male mice, female mice had (1) faster WGT, (2) increased frequency of pellet expulsion in the first 3 h of transit, (3) and greater total pellet production. Both male and female mice in their active phase exhibited (4) more contrast emptied from the stomach and they had (5) further leading edge of fluorescence and (6) geometric center, in SIT, and (7) faster colonic bead expulsion times. There were no significant sex differences in the active phase of WGT. In SIT, male mice had further leading edge in the rest phase than female mice, but this difference was not seen in the active phase, and in colonic transit, male mice in both the active and rest phases had faster bead expulsion than female mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice in the active phase have faster regional transit in small and large bowel than mice in the rest phase that collectively contributes to faster WGT times in the active phase of both male and female mice. These findings highlight the importance of circadian biology in sex\u2010dependent rodent GI transit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T05:59:08Z","timestamp":1751954348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex\u2010Dependent Circadian Rhythm Impact on Murine Gastrointestinal Transit"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Shreya S.","family":"Bellampalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennadiy","family":"Fonar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Grynyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Mercado\u2010Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karan H.","family":"Muchhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianrico","family":"Farrugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksey V.","family":"Matveyenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1727-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9225-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Beyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP) Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2007.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2014.20.2.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05829-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502843112"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Consideration for Circadian Physiology in Rodent Research","volume":"33","author":"Matveyenko A. 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