{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T08:31:29Z","timestamp":1793349089338,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apart from disorders of gut\u2010brain interaction (DGBI), little data exist on the magnitude of the brain\u2010to\u2010gut pathway in other chronic gastrointestinal conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and what factors modify order of diagnosis. We aimed to determine the proportion of patients who received a diagnosis of a DGBI, GERD, or IBD prior to a new psychological diagnosis (gut\u2010to\u2010brain), and vice versa (brain\u2010to\u2010gut), and whether specific factors moderate the order of diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data was collected from a retrospective study of 1,129,104 patients attending general practices in the United Kingdom. Patients diagnosed with DGBI, GERD, or IBD\n                      <jats:italic>and<\/jats:italic>\n                      a psychological disorder (anxiety and\/or depression) were included (excluding those with other organic GI disease). Information on which diagnosis appeared first was recorded. Multiple logistic regression was performed to compare a diagnosis of a DGBI, GERD, or IBD first versus a psychological diagnosis first on sociodemographic factors, medical conditions, and medication usage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Just over half of patients were diagnosed with a psychological condition first versus after for IBS (53.9%) and ulcerative colitis (55.6%). This proportion was higher for FD (61.5%) and GERD (64.2%) but lower for Crohn's disease (45.7%). In a multivariate model, being female (OR\u2009=\u20091.37, 95% CI 1.25, 1.49), prior PPI (OR\u2009=\u20099.17, 95% CI 8.4, 10.0), antibiotic (OR\u2009=\u20092.54, 95% CI 2.29, 2.81) and NSAID use (OR\u2009=\u20091.29, 95% CI 1.18, 1.42), and prior gastroenteritis (OR\u2009=\u20092.19, 95% CI, 1.79, 2.67) were significant predictors for being diagnosed with GERD first. Similar results were found for DGBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Inferences<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior medication usage and gastroenteritis may play a role in generating gut\u2010to\u2010brain pathway disturbances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T06:20:21Z","timestamp":1754374821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evidence for Brain\u2010To\u2010Gut and Gut\u2010To\u2010Brain Pathways in Primary Care Patients With Disorders of Gut\u2010Brain Interaction, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. A.","family":"Koloski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Well\u2010Being, University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Princess Alexandra Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"University of Queensland, Faculty of Health &amp; Behavioural Sciences  St. Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-4938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. P.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Princess Alexandra Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine  St. Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Holtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Princess Alexandra Hospital  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine  St. Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. J.","family":"Talley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Well\u2010Being, University of Newcastle  Callaghan New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"The Gut\u2010Brain Axis: Interactions Between Enteric Microbiota, Central and Enteric Nervous Systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Gastroenterology: Quarterly Publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30023-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31548-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30469-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0502-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00014-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0222-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2022.2141278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03411.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002411"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors for Functional Dyspepsia","volume":"11","author":"Pinto\u2010Sanchez M. 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