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This study integrated nontargeted metabolomics with transcriptomics to investigate the immune\u2010inflammatory mechanisms underlying the effects of EA therapy in male IBS rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IBS was induced in rats using water avoidance stress (WAS), and EA was applied at ST25 and BL25 acupoints. The IBS model was evaluated alongside assessments of depressive behavior. Visceral sensation was quantified using the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and the area under the EMG curve of abdominorectal muscles. The intestinal barrier integrity was analyzed by measuring ZO\u20101 and MUC2 levels, while inflammation was assessed through IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 measurements. Colon samples underwent nontarget metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, and DEGs were validated using RT\u2010PCR and WB to identify potential pathways. Networks of DEGs and differential metabolites were subsequently constructed to elucidate their interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EA treatment increased the expression of ZO\u20101 and MUC2, inhibited the IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1, and alleviated visceral hypersensitivity and depressive behavior. Transcriptomics identified 13 DEGs, indicating that EA modified the gene expression levels of Lck, Cd28, Il16, Nfatc2, Ccl17, Pik3cd, Zap70, Lat, Cd40, Cxcl10, Tlr9, Tnfsf8, and Tnfsf11. The underlying mechanism may involve the inhibition of PD\u20101\/PD\u2010L1, TCR and NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathways. Metabolomics identified 14 differential metabolites, suggesting that EA may correct metabolic disturbances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EA alleviates intestinal damage, inflammation, and behavioral symptoms in male IBS rats, potentially through modulation of immune\u2010inflammatory pathways and metabolic homeostasis. This study focused on male rats; future research including females may clarify sex\u2010related differences in EA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1766118032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Revealing the Immune and Inflammatory Mechanisms of Electroacupuncture in Male IBS Rats Through Multi\u2010Omics Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Lijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2345-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Acupuncture and Massage Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaozong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongbao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114525"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0954"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0502-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i5.552"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"The Brain\u2010Gut\u2010Microbiome Axis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Bercik P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology (N Y)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087440"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00500.2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"281","article-title":"Study on the Mechanism of Electroacupuncture Repairing Intestinal Barrier via Regulating Mast Cell in Rats With Diarrhea\u2010Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Hou Y. 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