{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:26:34Z","timestamp":1769703994064,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reference standard for the assessment of esophageal motility and sphincter function is high\u2010resolution esophageal manometry (HRM). Diagnostic values for HRM are determined by the Chicago Classification (CC v4.0), which is based almost entirely on distal esophageal function without measures to address the proximal esophageal segment. Therefore, we sought to determine normal HRM values for proximal esophageal function when obtained in the standard HRM positions (supine and upright).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthy, asymptomatic adults (\u2265\u200918\u2009years) were recruited. All participants completed a standard protocol. CC v4.0 measurements, along with a proximal contractile integral (PCI) (millimeters mercury\u2010seconds\u2010centimeters[mmHg\u2010s\u2010cm]), temporal measures of proximal and distal contractility (seconds), and lengths of proximal and distal esophagus (centimeters), were performed. Summary statistics, tests of normality, and paired two\u2010sided t\u2010tests were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HRM data from 30 participants were included. Mean supine PCI was 423.9\u2009mmHg\u2010s\u2010cm with a mean contraction time of 3.2\u2009s and a mean length of 5.5\u2009cm. The mean upright PCI was 183.9\u2009mmHg\u2010s\u2010cm with a mean contraction time of 2.2\u2009s, and a mean length of 4.5\u2009cm. All proximal values were significantly different comparing the two positions (PCI\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001; time\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001; length\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). All distal measurements fell within the ranges of normal, and all measures for contractile integral, contraction time, and contraction length were statistically significantly different (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 for all) comparing proximal versus distal measurements.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary data represent our first attempt to quantify normal proximal esophageal function using HRM measurements of contractile vigor, contraction length, and time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T04:50:57Z","timestamp":1764910257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary Characterization of Proximal Versus Distal Esophageal Function in Healthy, Asymptomatic Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Reedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech Pathology University of Rochester Medical Center  Rochester New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina  Columbia South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Edward J. Hines, Jr. Veteran's Affairs Medical Center  Hines Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Martin\u2010Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Edward J. Hines, Jr. Veteran's Affairs Medical Center  Hines Illinois USA"},{"name":"Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Schauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics \u2013 Department of Preventative Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Pandolfino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941212101107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.03.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gimo3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP\u201020\u201000255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP\u201022\u201000029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119599692.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455\u2010018\u201009966\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442\u20102050.2011.01180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2019.0443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00280.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12769"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605\u2010013\u20102358\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102982.1997.d01\u201019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm14110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102982.2009.01416.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102982.2011.01682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102982.2012.02001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2013.19.4.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455\u2010017\u20109866\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14920"}],"container-title":["Neurogastroenterology &amp; 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