{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:53:11Z","timestamp":1789494791760,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substance use disorders (SUDs) may alter esophagogastric function, yet their long\u2010term impact on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) phenotypes and complications has remained unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether SUDs are associated with increased risk of GERD, non\u2010erosive reflux disease (NERD), erosive esophagitis (EE), Barrett's esophagus (BE), and GERD\u2010related complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the TriNetX electronic health record network, we identified adults with documented SUDs and matched them 1:1 to drug\u2010free controls using propensity scores. Cumulative incidence (%) at 1\u2010, 5\u2010, 10\u2010, and 20\u2010year and hazard ratios (HRs) were used to qualify long\u2010term disease burden and time\u2010to\u2010event associations. Analyses were performed overall and separately for opioids, cannabis, cocaine, other stimulants, and sedatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across 540,630 matched pairs, SUDs were associated with significantly higher 20\u2010year cumulative risks of GERD (13.58% vs. 6.41%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), NERD (13.25% vs. 6.20%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and EE (2.07% vs. 1.03%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) as compared with drug\u2010free controls. HRs persistently elevated in GERD and NERD across follow\u2010up. Opioids showed the strongest associations across GERD phenotypes (11.72% vs. 6.77% at 20\u2009years,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), followed by cannabis and sedatives, whereas stimulants and cocaine showed weaker or delayed effects. Risk elevations for Barrett's esophagus, esophageal stricture, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) were low but increased cumulatively over long\u2010term follow\u2010up.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SUDs are associated with increased long\u2010term risk of GERD, NERD, and EE, with opioids, cannabis, and sedatives demonstrating the strongest associations. Clinicians should consider substance exposure when evaluating and managing patients with gastroesophageal reflux.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:22:17Z","timestamp":1779337337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Substance Use Disorders Are Associated With Increased Long\u2010Term Risks of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Phenotypes: A Global Propensity\u2010Matched Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine\/MetroHealth  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donovan","family":"Veccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Case Western Reserve University\/MetroHealth  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology McGaw Medical Center at Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Tarabichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Informatics Research and Education Case Western Reserve University\/MetroHealth  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruhan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gengqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Case Western Reserve University\/MetroHealth  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronnie","family":"Fass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Case Western Reserve University\/MetroHealth  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2114026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05912.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00287-w"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)","volume":"115","author":"Clarrett D. 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