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Dysfunctional SWs are associated with motility disorders. Electrical pacing is a potential strategy for managing motility disorders but remains poorly understood with inconsistent efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a newly\u2010developed optical mapping method to image gastric pacing in 4 pigs (35.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3\u2009kg). The method imaged transmembrane potential, primarily from the circular smooth muscle layer, with high spatiotemporal resolution. We delivered unipolar pacing pulses to the serosal surface or to the luminal side of the circular muscle layer. Pulses were 100\u2009ms in duration with 4 or 8\u2009mA amplitude.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pacing elicited transmembrane potential polarization patterns consistent with bidomain theory: For cathodal pacing, there was an elongated depolarized region (virtual cathode) oriented orthogonally to the smooth muscle fibers and centered on the electrode. It was flanked on either side by hyperpolarized virtual anodes. For anodal pacing, virtual electrode polarity was reversed. Of 175 pulses, 18% induced SWs that activated the entire mapping region. The remaining pulses failed completely (38%) or induced SWs that only partially activated the mapping region (43%). All SWs initiated from virtual cathode sites approximately 1\u2009cm from the pacing electrode and not from the electrode site itself.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Inferences<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that close to the electrode, pacing pulses inhibited the network of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) that propagates SW. SWs may have initiated when the ICC network was activated by depolarized smooth muscle in the virtual cathodes remote from the electrode.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T05:53:51Z","timestamp":1778046831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical Mapping of Pacing\u2010Elicited Slow Waves in the Swine Stomach: Role of Virtual Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley N.","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nipuni D.","family":"Nagahawatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijay","family":"Guragain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2426-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo K.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory 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