{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:38:25Z","timestamp":1792471105259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009193","name":"Marsden Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001511","name":"Auckland Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC\u20102024\u2010COG 101170592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC\u20102024\u2010COG 101170592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurogastroenterology Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastrointestinal slow waves are rhythmic electrical events that contribute to the coordination of motility. Functional motility disorders such as gastroparesis are linked to abnormal slow wave activity, and current treatments do not target the underlying electrical dysfunction. Gastrointestinal electrical pacing restores normal rhythms, but open\u2010loop pacing lacks adaptation to underlying slow wave activity, leading to reduced energy efficiency and potential overstimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A novel closed\u2010loop pacing system was developed to detect gastric and intestinal slow waves and dynamically pace in response to the underlying rhythm. High\u2010resolution electrode arrays were placed on the serosal surface of anesthetized pigs for simultaneous pacing and mapping. The control strategy comprised two steps: (i) continuous detection and classification of slow waves as normal rhythm (stomach: 15\u201325\u2009s; small intestine: 3\u20135\u2009s) or abnormal rhythm; and (ii) pacing delivery and entrainment assessment, with pulses (100\u2013400\u2009ms, 3\u20138\u2009mA) triggered by abnormal rhythms or failed entrainment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detection of slow wave events achieved an accuracy of 78% for both the stomach and the small intestine. Entrainment detection yielded an accuracy of 73% for the stomach and 67% for the small intestine. Closed\u2010loop pacing successfully restored abnormal gastric and small intestinal slow wave periods to normal physiological ranges and reduced the number of pulses delivered by 60% compared to open\u2010loop pacing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Closed\u2010loop pacing significantly reduced pulse delivery, demonstrating the feasibility of a targeted, adaptive approach that may reduce pacing burden, although effects on motility and gastric emptying warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.70467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:41:23Z","timestamp":1792467683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Methods and Techniques for Closed\u2010Loop Gastrointestinal Pacing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1943-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaveeka","family":"Weerakoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2426-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo K.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6913-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7377-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niranchan","family":"Paskaranandavadivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nipuni D.","family":"Nagahawatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"Mapping and Modeling Gastrointestinal Bioelectricity: From Engineering Bench to Bedside","volume":"28","author":"Cheng L. 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